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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Ischemic stroke}} | | {{Ischemic stroke}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MHP}} |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Risk factors for stroke include [[Old age|advanced age]], [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), previous stroke or TIA ([[transient ischaemic attack]]), [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high cholesterol]], [[cigarette smoking]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[migraine]]<ref>[http://headaches.about.com/od/migrainediseas1/a/mx_stroke_risk.htm headaches.about.com]</ref> with aura, and [[thrombophilia]]. In clinical practice, [[blood pressure]] is the most important modifiable [[risk factor]] of stroke; however many other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking cessation and treatment of atrial fibrillation with [[anticoagulant]] drugs, are important. | | Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[cardiac disease]], cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipidemia]], obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, African-American and Hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as [[sickle cell disease]]. |
| ==Risk Factors==
| |
| Risk factors of ischemic stroke may be divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors:<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16785347">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD et al.| title=Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 24 | pages= e873-923 | pmid=16785347 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16785347 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22746010">{{cite journal| author=Awada A| title=[Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke]. | journal=J Med Liban | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-9 | pmid=22746010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22746010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10369318">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 748-54 | pmid=10369318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26869067">{{cite journal| author=Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gómez-Olivé XF, Tollman SM| title=Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 143 | pmid=26869067 | doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2805-7 | pmc=4751665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26869067 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9262494">{{cite journal| author=Wilson PW, Hoeg JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Belanger AM, Poehlmann H et al.| title=Cumulative effects of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on carotid stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 337 | issue= 8 | pages= 516-22 | pmid=9262494 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199708213370802 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9262494 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16734043">{{cite journal| author=Remmel KS, Wanahita A, Moore K, Gruenthal M| title=Acute ischemic stroke and hypothyroidism. | journal=J Ky Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 104 | issue= 5 | pages= 191-3 | pmid=16734043 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16734043 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25034713">{{cite journal| author=Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lindgren A, Terént A, Norrving B, Asplund K| title=High prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2014 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 2599-605 | pmid=25034713 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006070 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25034713 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27026630">{{cite journal| author=Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group| title=Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=Stroke | year= 2016 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 1364-7 | pmid=27026630 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27026630 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26251249">{{cite journal| author=Fauchier L, Clementy N, Pelade C, Collignon C, Nicolle E, Lip GY| title=Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2432-7 | pmid=26251249 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010270 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251249 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19641674">{{cite journal| author=Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N| title=Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 229-49 | pmid=19641674 | doi= | pmc=2716237 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19641674 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10872016">{{cite journal| author=Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC| title=Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=10872016 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10872016 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10997772">{{cite journal| author=Bousser MG, Kittner SJ| title=Oral contraceptives and stroke. | journal=Cephalalgia | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 183-9 | pmid=10997772 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10997772 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15946211">{{cite journal| author=Slooter AJ, Rosendaal FR, Tanis BC, Kemmeren JM, van der Graaf Y, Algra A| title=Prothrombotic conditions, oral contraceptives, and the risk of ischemic stroke. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2005 | volume= 3 | issue= 6 | pages= 1213-7 | pmid=15946211 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01442.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15946211 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12775882">{{cite journal| author=Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS et al.| title=Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= 1586-92 | pmid=12775882 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12775882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25944320">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell AB, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Sparks MJ et al.| title=Obesity increases risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 6 | pages= 1690-2 | pmid=25944320 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008940 | pmc=4458137 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25944320 }} </ref>
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| {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
| | ==Risk factor== |
| |+
| | Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for [[hemorrhagic]] and [[ischemic]] stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke.<ref name="pmid28154098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS |title=Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention |journal=Circ Res |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=472–495 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28154098 |pmc=5321635 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20561675">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S |title=Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9735 |pages=112–23 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20561675 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3 |url=}}</ref> |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Modifiable risk factors}}
| | According to Framingham cohort and later research, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows: |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Non modifiable risk factors}}
| | * Modifiable risk factors |
| | ** [[Hypertension]] |
| | ** cigarette smoking |
| | ** diet |
| | ** Physical Inactivity |
| | ** [[Hyperlipidemia]] |
| | ** [[Diabetes]] |
| | ** Alcohol Consumption |
| | ** Cardiac disease ([[Atrial fibrillation]], [[Coronary artery disease]]) |
| | ** [[Apolipoprotein]] B to A1 |
| | ** [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]] |
| | ** [[Hyperlipidemia]] |
| | ** Oral contraceptive usage |
| | * Non-modifiable risk factors |
| | ** Age |
| | ** Sex |
| | ** Race/Ethnicity |
| | ** [[Sickle cell disease]] |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | There is a similar classification for the risk factors of [[hemorrhagic stroke]], which is: |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242" /><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428 }} </ref>
| | * Modifiable risk factors |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Age >55 years <ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325 }} </ref>
| | ** [[Hypertension]] |
| |-
| | ** Alcohol Consumption |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15249512">{{cite journal| author=Jørgensen L, Jenssen T, Joakimsen O, Heuch I, Ingebretsen OC, Jacobsen BK| title=Glycated hemoglobin level is strongly related to the prevalence of carotid artery plaques with high echogenicity in nondiabetic individuals: the Tromsø study. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 4 | pages= 466-70 | pmid=15249512 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000136809.55141.3B | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15249512 }} </ref>
| | ** Diet |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Family history of ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref>
| | * Non-modifiable risk factors |
| |-
| | ** Age |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Atrial fibrillation]]<ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25034713">{{cite journal| author=Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lindgren A, Terént A, Norrving B, Asplund K| title=High prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2014 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 2599-605 | pmid=25034713 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006070 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25034713 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27026630">{{cite journal| author=Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group| title=Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=Stroke | year= 2016 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 1364-7 | pmid=27026630 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27026630 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26251249">{{cite journal| author=Fauchier L, Clementy N, Pelade C, Collignon C, Nicolle E, Lip GY| title=Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2432-7 | pmid=26251249 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010270 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251249 }} </ref>
| | ** Sex |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |African American and hispanic race<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23709708">{{cite journal| author=Howard VJ| title=Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 Suppl 1 | pages= S126-8 | pmid=23709708 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000691 | pmc=3784978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23709708 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19026895">{{cite journal| author=Grysiewicz RA, Thomas K, Pandey DK| title=Epidemiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2008 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 871-95, vii | pmid=19026895 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2008.07.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026895 }} </ref>
| | ** Race/Ethnicity |
| |-
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Male gender<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| |
| |-
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3339799">{{cite journal| author=Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ| title=Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. | journal=JAMA | year= 1988 | volume= 259 | issue= 7 | pages= 1025-9 | pmid=3339799 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3339799 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Genetic disorders<ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9386200">{{cite journal| author=Ockene IS, Miller NH| title=Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. | journal=Circulation | year= 1997 | volume= 96 | issue= 9 | pages= 3243-7 | pmid=9386200 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9386200 }} </ref>
| |
| * [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]] | |
| *[[Fabry disease]] | |
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| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Alcohal consumption<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Previous history of stroke or TIA
| |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid10797167">{{cite journal| author=Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Anand SS, Lofthouse E, Staples N, Baker RI| title=Association between high homocyst(e)ine and ischemic stroke due to large- and small-artery disease but not other etiologic subtypes of ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 1069-75 | pmid=10797167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10797167 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12775882">{{cite journal| author=Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS et al.| title=Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= 1586-92 | pmid=12775882 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12775882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25944320">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell AB, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Sparks MJ et al.| title=Obesity increases risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 6 | pages= 1690-2 | pmid=25944320 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008940 | pmc=4458137 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25944320 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperlipidemia]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26451029">{{cite journal| author=Yaghi S, Elkind MS| title=Lipids and Cerebrovascular Disease: Research and Practice. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 11 | pages= 3322-8 | pmid=26451029 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011164 | pmc=4624572 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26451029 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19001625">{{cite journal| author=Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG| title=Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. | journal=JAMA | year= 2008 | volume= 300 | issue= 18 | pages= 2142-52 | pmid=19001625 | doi=10.1001/jama.2008.621 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19001625 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid16734043">{{cite journal| author=Remmel KS, Wanahita A, Moore K, Gruenthal M| title=Acute ischemic stroke and hypothyroidism. | journal=J Ky Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 104 | issue= 5 | pages= 191-3 | pmid=16734043 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16734043 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Oral contraceptive use <ref name="pmid10872016">{{cite journal| author=Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC| title=Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=10872016 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10872016 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10997772">{{cite journal| author=Bousser MG, Kittner SJ| title=Oral contraceptives and stroke. | journal=Cephalalgia | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 183-9 | pmid=10997772 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10997772 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sedentary life style<ref name="pmid19641674">{{cite journal| author=Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N| title=Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 229-49 | pmid=19641674 | doi= | pmc=2716237 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19641674 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypercoagulable disorders<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774 }} </ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| | | {{WH}} |
| [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
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| [[Category:Causes of death]]
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| [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
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| [[Category:Neurology]]
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| [[Category:Neurological disorders]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Neurosurgery]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
| {{WH}}
| | [[Category:Needs english review]] |