Diabetic nephropathy risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be modifiable such as [[hypertension]], [[dyslipidemia]], and [[smoking]] or non-modifiable such as [[advanced age]] and positive family history. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be subcategorized into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors: | Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be subcategorized into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors: | ||
===Modifiable Risk Factors=== | ===Modifiable Risk Factors=== | ||
Modifiable risk factors include:<ref name="pmid25342915">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim AKh |title=Diabetic nephropathy - complications and treatment |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=361–81 |year=2014 |pmid=25342915 |pmc=4206379 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S40172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26676664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tziomalos K, Athyros VG |title=Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis |journal=Rev Diabet Stud |volume=12 |issue=1-2 |pages=110–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26676664 |doi=10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110 |url=}}</ref> | Modifiable risk factors include:<ref name="book">{{cite book |last= Kasper |first=Dennis |date=2015 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |url= |location= New York, New York |publisher= McGraw-Hill |page= |isbn=0071802150}}</ref><ref name="pmid25342915">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim AKh |title=Diabetic nephropathy - complications and treatment |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=361–81 |year=2014 |pmid=25342915 |pmc=4206379 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S40172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26676664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tziomalos K, Athyros VG |title=Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis |journal=Rev Diabet Stud |volume=12 |issue=1-2 |pages=110–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26676664 |doi=10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8487827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nathan DM |title=Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=328 |issue=23 |pages=1676–85 |year=1993 |pmid=8487827 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199306103282306 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Hypertension]] | *[[Hypertension]] | ||
*[[Dyslipidemia]] | *[[Dyslipidemia]] | ||
| Line 15: | Line 16: | ||
===Non-modifiable Risk Factors=== | ===Non-modifiable Risk Factors=== | ||
Non-modifiable risk factors include:<ref name="pmid25342915">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim AKh |title=Diabetic nephropathy - complications and treatment |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=361–81 |year=2014 |pmid=25342915 |pmc=4206379 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S40172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26676664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tziomalos K, Athyros VG |title=Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis |journal=Rev Diabet Stud |volume=12 |issue=1-2 |pages=110–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26676664 |doi=10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110 |url=}}</ref> | Non-modifiable risk factors include:<ref name="book">{{cite book |last= Kasper |first=Dennis |date=2015 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |url= |location= New York, New York |publisher= McGraw-Hill |page= |isbn=0071802150}}</ref><ref name="pmid25342915">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim AKh |title=Diabetic nephropathy - complications and treatment |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=361–81 |year=2014 |pmid=25342915 |pmc=4206379 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S40172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26676664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tziomalos K, Athyros VG |title=Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis |journal=Rev Diabet Stud |volume=12 |issue=1-2 |pages=110–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26676664 |doi=10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8487827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nathan DM |title=Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=328 |issue=23 |pages=1676–85 |year=1993 |pmid=8487827 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199306103282306 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Age: | *Age: advanced age is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy. | ||
*Race: African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy | *Race: African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy. | ||
*Family history: patients with a family history of diabetic nephropathy are more likely to develop diabetic nephropathy themselves | *Family history: patients with a family history of diabetic nephropathy are more likely to develop diabetic nephropathy themselves. | ||
*Genetic profile: genetic variants in ACE, ALR2, APOC1, APOE, EPO, eNOS, HSPG2, VEGF, FRMD3, CARS, UNC13B, CPVL/CHN2, and GREM1 have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy | *Genetic profile: genetic variants in ACE, ALR2, APOC1, APOE, EPO, eNOS, HSPG2, VEGF, FRMD3, CARS, UNC13B, CPVL/CHN2, and GREM1 have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. | ||
*[[Obesity]]: [[obesity]] | *[[Obesity]]: [[obesity]] is associated with higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 20:30, 13 June 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be modifiable such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking or non-modifiable such as advanced age and positive family history.
Risk Factors
Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be subcategorized into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors:
Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors include:[1][2][3][4]
- Hypertension
- Dyslipidemia
- Smoking: smoking is associated with worsening renal function
- Inadequate glycemic control
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Non-modifiable risk factors include:[1][2][3][4]
- Age: advanced age is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy.
- Race: African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy.
- Family history: patients with a family history of diabetic nephropathy are more likely to develop diabetic nephropathy themselves.
- Genetic profile: genetic variants in ACE, ALR2, APOC1, APOE, EPO, eNOS, HSPG2, VEGF, FRMD3, CARS, UNC13B, CPVL/CHN2, and GREM1 have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
- Obesity: obesity is associated with higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071802150.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lim A (2014). "Diabetic nephropathy - complications and treatment". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 7: 361–81. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S40172. PMC 4206379. PMID 25342915. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tziomalos K, Athyros VG (2015). "Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis". Rev Diabet Stud. 12 (1–2): 110–8. doi:10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110. PMID 26676664.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nathan DM (1993). "Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (23): 1676–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM199306103282306. PMID 8487827.