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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] include [[hypertension]], [[Anticoagulation therapy|a]][[Anticoagulation|nticoagulation]] medication[[Warfarin|(warfarin]]), acquired or congenital coagulation factor disorder (such as vitamin K deficiency, [[liver disease|liver disease]], d[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|isseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)]], and  [[Hemophilia|hemophilias]]), platelet abnormalities, embolic [[Stroke|strokes]], and [[Sickle Cell Anemia|Sickle Cell Anemia]].<ref name=Huhtakangas>Huhtakangas J, Tetri S, Juvela S, Saloheimo P, Bode MK, Hillbom M. Effect of increased warfarin use on warfarin-related cerebral hemor- rhage: a longitudinal population-based study. Stroke. 2011;42:2431– 2435. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615260.</ref><ref name=Rådberg> Rådberg JA, Olsson JE, Rådberg CT. Prognostic parameters in sponta- neous intracerebral hematomas with special reference to anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1991;22:571–576. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.22.5.571.</ref><ref name=Flaherty> Flaherty ML, Kissela B, Woo D, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Sekar P, Moomaw CJ, Haverbusch M, Broderick JP. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68:116–121. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250340.05202.8b.</ref>
Common risk factors in the development of [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] include [[hypertension]], [[Anticoagulation therapy|a]][[Anticoagulation|nticoagulation]] medication[[Warfarin|(warfarin]]), acquired or congenital coagulation factor disorder (such as vitamin K deficiency, [[liver disease|liver disease]], d[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|isseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)]], and  [[Hemophilia|hemophilias]]), platelet abnormalities, embolic [[Stroke|strokes]], and [[Sickle Cell Anemia|Sickle Cell Anemia]].<ref name=Huhtakangas>Huhtakangas J, Tetri S, Juvela S, Saloheimo P, Bode MK, Hillbom M. Effect of increased warfarin use on warfarin-related cerebral hemor- rhage: a longitudinal population-based study. Stroke. 2011;42:2431– 2435. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615260.</ref><ref name=Rådberg> Rådberg JA, Olsson JE, Rådberg CT. Prognostic parameters in sponta- neous intracerebral hematomas with special reference to anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1991;22:571–576. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.22.5.571.</ref><ref name=Flaherty> Flaherty ML, Kissela B, Woo D, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Sekar P, Moomaw CJ, Haverbusch M, Broderick JP. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68:116–121. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250340.05202.8b.</ref><ref name="pmid12843354">{{cite journal| author=Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, Algra A| title=Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 8 | pages= 2060-5 | pmid=12843354 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000080678.09344.8D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12843354  }} </ref>


==Risk factors==
==Risk factors==
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New anticoagulant medications such as [[dabigatran]], [[rivaroxaban]], and [[apixaban]] appear to be associated with a lower risk of ICH than [[vitamin K antagonist|VKA]]s. <ref name=Chatterjee> Chatterjee S, Sardar P, Biondi-Zoccai G, Kumbhani DJ. New oral anticoagulants and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage: traditional and Bayesian meta-analysis and mixed treatment comparison of random- ized trials of new oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:1486–1490. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4021</ref>
New anticoagulant medications such as [[dabigatran]], [[rivaroxaban]], and [[apixaban]] appear to be associated with a lower risk of ICH than [[vitamin K antagonist|VKA]]s. <ref name=Chatterjee> Chatterjee S, Sardar P, Biondi-Zoccai G, Kumbhani DJ. New oral anticoagulants and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage: traditional and Bayesian meta-analysis and mixed treatment comparison of random- ized trials of new oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:1486–1490. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4021</ref>
===Microbleeds===
===Microbleeds===
Common risk factors in the development cerebellar microbleeds include:<ref name="pmid21307170">{{cite journal| author=Poels MM, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Breteler MM et al.| title=Incidence of cerebral microbleeds in the general population: the Rotterdam Scan Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2011 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 656-61 | pmid=21307170 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607184 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21307170  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23449261">{{cite journal| author=Klarenbeek P, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Rouhl RP, Knottnerus IL, Staals J| title=Higher ambulatory blood pressure relates to new cerebral microbleeds: 2-year follow-up study in lacunar stroke patients. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 4 | pages= 978-83 | pmid=23449261 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.676619 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23449261  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20548041">{{cite journal| author=Goos JD, Henneman WJ, Sluimer JD, Vrenken H, Sluimer IC, Barkhof F et al.| title=Incidence of cerebral microbleeds: a longitudinal study in a memory clinic population. | journal=Neurology | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 24 | pages= 1954-60 | pmid=20548041 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e396ea | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20548041  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15155954">{{cite journal| author=Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, Hald JK, Au R, Kase CS et al.| title=Cerebral microbleeds: prevalence and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 8 | pages= 1831-5 | pmid=15155954 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000131809.35202.1b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15155954  }}</ref>
Common risk factors in the development cerebral microbleeds include:<ref name="pmid21307170">{{cite journal| author=Poels MM, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Breteler MM et al.| title=Incidence of cerebral microbleeds in the general population: the Rotterdam Scan Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2011 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 656-61 | pmid=21307170 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607184 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21307170  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23449261">{{cite journal| author=Klarenbeek P, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Rouhl RP, Knottnerus IL, Staals J| title=Higher ambulatory blood pressure relates to new cerebral microbleeds: 2-year follow-up study in lacunar stroke patients. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 4 | pages= 978-83 | pmid=23449261 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.676619 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23449261  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20548041">{{cite journal| author=Goos JD, Henneman WJ, Sluimer JD, Vrenken H, Sluimer IC, Barkhof F et al.| title=Incidence of cerebral microbleeds: a longitudinal study in a memory clinic population. | journal=Neurology | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 24 | pages= 1954-60 | pmid=20548041 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e396ea | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20548041  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15155954">{{cite journal| author=Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, Hald JK, Au R, Kase CS et al.| title=Cerebral microbleeds: prevalence and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 8 | pages= 1831-5 | pmid=15155954 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000131809.35202.1b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15155954  }}</ref>
**[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension]]
**[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
**[[Cigarette smoking]]
*[[Cigarette smoking]]
**[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]]
**Age
*Age
**Male sex
*Male sex


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 03:13, 4 December 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) include hypertension, anticoagulation medication(warfarin), acquired or congenital coagulation factor disorder (such as vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), and hemophilias), platelet abnormalities, embolic strokes, and Sickle Cell Anemia.[1][2][3][4]

Risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) include:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Other risk factors in the development of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may include:[4]

New anticoagulant medications such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban appear to be associated with a lower risk of ICH than VKAs. [7]

Microbleeds

Common risk factors in the development cerebral microbleeds include:[8][9][10][11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Huhtakangas J, Tetri S, Juvela S, Saloheimo P, Bode MK, Hillbom M. Effect of increased warfarin use on warfarin-related cerebral hemor- rhage: a longitudinal population-based study. Stroke. 2011;42:2431– 2435. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615260.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rådberg JA, Olsson JE, Rådberg CT. Prognostic parameters in sponta- neous intracerebral hematomas with special reference to anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1991;22:571–576. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.22.5.571.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Flaherty ML, Kissela B, Woo D, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Sekar P, Moomaw CJ, Haverbusch M, Broderick JP. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68:116–121. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250340.05202.8b.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, Algra A (2003). "Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review". Stroke. 34 (8): 2060–5. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000080678.09344.8D. PMID 12843354.
  5. ↑ Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM (2007). "Decreased glomerular filtration rate is a risk factor for hemorrhagic but not for ischemic stroke: the Rotterdam Study". Stroke. 38 (12): 3127–32. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489807. PMID 17962600.
  6. ↑ Hackam DG, Mrkobrada M (2012). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and brain hemorrhage: a meta-analysis". Neurology. 79 (18): 1862–5. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318271f848. PMID 23077009. Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2013 May;16(2):54
  7. ↑ Chatterjee S, Sardar P, Biondi-Zoccai G, Kumbhani DJ. New oral anticoagulants and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage: traditional and Bayesian meta-analysis and mixed treatment comparison of random- ized trials of new oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:1486–1490. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4021
  8. ↑ Poels MM, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Breteler MM; et al. (2011). "Incidence of cerebral microbleeds in the general population: the Rotterdam Scan Study". Stroke. 42 (3): 656–61. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607184. PMID 21307170.
  9. ↑ Klarenbeek P, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Rouhl RP, Knottnerus IL, Staals J (2013). "Higher ambulatory blood pressure relates to new cerebral microbleeds: 2-year follow-up study in lacunar stroke patients". Stroke. 44 (4): 978–83. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.676619. PMID 23449261.
  10. ↑ Goos JD, Henneman WJ, Sluimer JD, Vrenken H, Sluimer IC, Barkhof F; et al. (2010). "Incidence of cerebral microbleeds: a longitudinal study in a memory clinic population". Neurology. 74 (24): 1954–60. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e396ea. PMID 20548041.
  11. ↑ Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, Hald JK, Au R, Kase CS; et al. (2004). "Cerebral microbleeds: prevalence and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Study". Stroke. 35 (8): 1831–5. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000131809.35202.1b. PMID 15155954.


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