Hypochloremia: Difference between revisions
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>=== | ||
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*[[Acth-secreting tumors]] | *[[Acth-secreting tumors]] | ||
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]] | *[[Acute intermittent porphyria]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:20, 10 January 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Hypochloraemia
Overview
Hypochloremia is an electrolyte disturbance whereby there is an abnormally depleted level of the chloride ion in the blood. It rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities. If it occurs together with metabolic alkalosis (decreased blood acidity) it is often due to vomiting. Chloride is a primary anion of the extracellular fluid compartment and aids in maintenance of acid-base balance.
It can be associated with hypoventilation.[1]
It can be associated with chronic respiratory acidosis.[2]
Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order [3] [4]
- Acth-secreting tumors
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Adrenal cortex insufficiency
- Aldosterone
- Anion gap high metabolic acidosis
- Antacid abuse
- Bartter's syndrome
- Bendrofluazide
- Bulimia nervosa
- Burns
- Citrated blood sample
- Congestive heart failure
- Corticosteroids
- Corticotropin
- Cushing's syndrome
- Cystic fibrosis
- Diabetic coma
- Diarrhea
- Excessive saline infusion
- Excessive sweating
- Frusemide
- Gastric suction
- Gastrocolic fistula
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Hyperhidrosis
- Hyponatremia
- Hypoventilation
- Laxatives
- Loop diuretics
- Low sodium diet
- Massive blood transfusion
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Metolazone
- Milk alkali syndrome
- Nausea and vomiting
- Overconsumption of licorice
- Pseudohyponatremia
- Pyloric stenosis
- Renal failure
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory losses
- Salt losing nephropathy
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
- Thiazide diuretics
- Triamterene
- Villous adenoma
- Vomiting
- Water overload
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Normal values of Chloride are 99-111 mEq/L (99-111 mmol/L).
References
- ↑ Lavie CJ, Crocker EF, Key KJ, Ferguson TG (1986). "Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation". South. Med. J. 79 (10): 1296–9. doi:10.1097/00007611-198610000-00025. PMID 3764530. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ LEVITIN H, BRANSCOME W, EPSTEIN FH (1958). "The pathogenesis of hypochloremia in respiratory acidosis". J. Clin. Invest. 37 (12): 1667–75. doi:10.1172/JCI103758. PMC 1062852. PMID 13611033. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
Template:Fluid, electrolyte, acid base metabolic pathology Template:Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology