Tonsillitis surgery: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Chronic (medicine)|Chronic]] cases may indicate [[tonsillectomy]] (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment.<ref name="pmid6700642">{{cite journal |author=Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, ''et al'' |title=Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=310 |issue=11 |pages=674–83 |year=1984 |pmid=6700642 |doi=}} - Paradise studied 187 children with tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. 91 children were randomly put in surgical and non-surgical groups. The other 96 were place by parent’s choice. The results favored the surgical group on reoccurrence of throat infections during their initial and second year follow-up where the data was collected. While non-surgical groups did better in the long run. 13 out of the 95 surgical group encountered surgical complications after their second year follow up</ref> | [[Chronic (medicine)|Chronic]] cases may indicate [[tonsillectomy]] (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment.<ref name="pmid6700642">{{cite journal |author=Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, ''et al'' |title=Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=310 |issue=11 |pages=674–83 |year=1984 |pmid=6700642 |doi=}} - Paradise studied 187 children with tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. 91 children were randomly put in surgical and non-surgical groups. The other 96 were place by parent’s choice. The results favored the surgical group on reoccurrence of throat infections during their initial and second year follow-up where the data was collected. While non-surgical groups did better in the long run. 13 out of the 95 surgical group encountered surgical complications after their second year follow up</ref> Subacute tonsillitis (which can last between 3 weeks and 3 months) is caused by the bacterium ''[[Actinomyces]]''. Chronic tonsillitis, which can last for long periods if not treated, is almost always bacterial. | ||
Subacute tonsillitis (which can last between 3 weeks and 3 months) is caused by the bacterium ''[[Actinomyces]]''. Chronic tonsillitis, which can last for long periods if not treated, is almost always bacterial. | |||
==Surgery== | ==Surgery== | ||
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*Hemorrhagic tonsillitis | *Hemorrhagic tonsillitis | ||
*Suspicion for [[malignancy]] | *Suspicion for [[malignancy]] | ||
The '''paradise criteria''' for tonsillectomy is<ref name="pmid6700642">{{cite journal| author=Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, Colborn DK, Bernard BS, Taylor FH et al.| title=Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 11 | pages= 674-83 | pmid=6700642 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198403153101102 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6700642 }} </ref> | |||
*3 episodes every year for more than 3 years or | |||
*5 episodes every year for 2 years or | |||
*7 episodes in a year | |||
===Pre-operative Medical Prophylaxis=== | ===Pre-operative Medical Prophylaxis=== | ||
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===Tonsillectomy=== | ===Tonsillectomy=== | ||
*The surgery associated with the removal of the tonsils is termed a tonsillectomy. | *The surgery associated with the removal of the tonsils is termed a tonsillectomy. | ||
*Tonsillectomies are performed primarily on children that suffer from recurrent, acute bacterial tonsillitis. | *[[Tonsillectomy|Tonsillectomies]] are performed primarily on children that suffer from recurrent, acute bacterial tonsillitis. | ||
*All other cases should consider first line therapy. | *All other cases should consider first line therapy. | ||
*The criteria for a child to undergo a tonsillectomy consists of seven or more documented and treated episodes in the previous year. | *The criteria for a child to undergo a tonsillectomy consists of seven or more documented and treated episodes in the previous year. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Inflammations]] | [[Category:Inflammations]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:26, 30 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Chronic cases may indicate tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment.[1] Subacute tonsillitis (which can last between 3 weeks and 3 months) is caused by the bacterium Actinomyces. Chronic tonsillitis, which can last for long periods if not treated, is almost always bacterial.
Surgery
Indications for Tonsillectomy
Following are the indications for tonsillectomy:[2]
- Recurrent tonsillitis
- Chronic tonsillitis
- Recurrent acute pharyngitis
- Obstructive sleep apnea due to hyperplasia of adenoids and tonsils
- Failure to thrive
- Hemorrhagic tonsillitis
- Suspicion for malignancy
The paradise criteria for tonsillectomy is[1]
- 3 episodes every year for more than 3 years or
- 5 episodes every year for 2 years or
- 7 episodes in a year
Pre-operative Medical Prophylaxis
- Antibiotics are given before tonsillectomy to decrease the risk of infections after the surgery.[3]
- Ampicillin/sulbactam or Clindamycin or amoxicillin-clavulanate or cefazolin can be used for this purpose[4][5]
Tonsillectomy
- The surgery associated with the removal of the tonsils is termed a tonsillectomy.
- Tonsillectomies are performed primarily on children that suffer from recurrent, acute bacterial tonsillitis.
- All other cases should consider first line therapy.
- The criteria for a child to undergo a tonsillectomy consists of seven or more documented and treated episodes in the previous year.
- Other criteria may be met if five or more episodes occur in the two preceding years.
- Hemorrhaging is a common, postoperative concern.
- The least amount of hemorrhaging is associated with a cold dissection.
- Risk of postoperative hemorrhaging can be further lessened with the proper usage of sutures and ligatures.
- Procedures involving lasers, mono or bipolar forceps, and coblation have displayed a higher risk of postoperative hemorrhaging. [6]
- Currently, partial removal remains the surgical option of choice.
Post Opperative Complications
The post operative complications may include:
- Fever
- Atelectasis
- Pneumonia
- Urinary tract infection
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Jaundice
- Sepsis
- Hyponatremia
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ; et al. (1984). "Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials". N. Engl. J. Med. 310 (11): 674–83. PMID 6700642. - Paradise studied 187 children with tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. 91 children were randomly put in surgical and non-surgical groups. The other 96 were place by parent’s choice. The results favored the surgical group on reoccurrence of throat infections during their initial and second year follow-up where the data was collected. While non-surgical groups did better in the long run. 13 out of the 95 surgical group encountered surgical complications after their second year follow up
- ↑ Darrow DH, Siemens C (2002). "Indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy". Laryngoscope. 112 (8 Pt 2 Suppl 100): 6–10. doi:10.1002/lary.5541121404. PMID 12172229.
- ↑ Weber RS (1997). "Wound infection in head and neck surgery: implications for perioperative antibiotic treatment". Ear Nose Throat J. 76 (11): 790–1, 795–8. PMID 9397626.
- ↑ Johnson JT, Kachman K, Wagner RL, Myers EN (1997). "Comparison of ampicillin/sulbactam versus clindamycin in the prevention of infection in patients undergoing head and neck surgery". Head Neck. 19 (5): 367–71. PMID 9243262.
- ↑ Skitarelić N, Morović M, Manestar D (2007). "Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean-contaminated head and neck oncological surgery". J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 35 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2006.10.006. PMID 17296307.
- ↑ Tonsillitis and sore throat in children. United States National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4273168/