Rubella pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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{{Rubella}} | {{Rubella}} | ||
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{FB}} | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{FB}}, {{AKI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[pathophysiology]] of [[rubella]] is not completely understood. [[Viral]] [[replication]] in the respiratory [[epithelium]] occurs following [[transmission]] of the [[virus]] via contact with [[droplet]] [[secretions]] from an infected person. [[Viremia]] subsequently ensues, with the onset of the [[rubella]] [[rash]] occurring at the peak of [[viremia]].<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref><ref name="Goldman-Cecil Medicine">Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew (2016). "Chapter 368:Rubella (German Measles)". Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2204–2206. ISBN 9781455750177.</ref> | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===Transmission== | ===Transmission=== | ||
* | *[[Rubella]] is transmitted primarily through direct or [[droplet]] contact with [[nasopharyngeal]] [[secretions]] of [[infected]] persons. | ||
*The | *[[Humans]] are the only natural [[Host range|host]]. | ||
*[[Rubella]] [[infection]] usually occur during late winter and early spring. | |||
*The average [[incubation period]] of [[rubella virus]] is 17 days, with a range of 12 to 23 days. | |||
*People infected with [[rubella]] are most [[contagious]] when the [[rash]] is erupting. | |||
===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
The pathophysiology of rubella infection is not fully understood.<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref> The pathophysiology of rubella infection involves the following processes:<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref><ref name="Goldman-Cecil Medicine">Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew (2016). "Chapter 368:Rubella (German Measles)". Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2204–2206. ISBN 9781455750177.</ref> | The [[pathophysiology]] of [[rubella]] [[infection]] is not fully understood.<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref> The [[pathophysiology]] of [[rubella]] [[infection]] involves the following processes:<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref><ref name="Goldman-Cecil Medicine">Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew (2016). "Chapter 368:Rubella (German Measles)". Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2204–2206. ISBN 9781455750177.</ref><ref name="pmid2408312">{{cite journal| author=Buimovici-Klein E, Cooper LZ| title=Cell-mediated immune response in rubella infections. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S123-8 | pmid=2408312 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2408312 }} </ref> | ||
* The transmission of infection is via person-person spread through droplets that are shed from respiratory secretions of infected persons. | * The [[transmission]] of [[infection]] is via person-person spread through droplets that are shed from [[respiratory]] [[secretions]] of infected persons. | ||
* Viral replication occurs in the respiratory epithelium, with subsequent spread of the virus to the regional [[lymph nodes]]. | * [[Viral]] [[replication]] occurs in the [[respiratory]] [[epithelium]], with subsequent spread of the [[virus]] to the regional [[lymph nodes]]. | ||
* [[Viremia]] ensues and subsequent seeding of [[viremia]] to multiple organs may occur (including the [[placenta]] in pregnant women, which results in [[congenital rubella syndrome]]). | * [[Viremia]] ensues and subsequent seeding of [[viremia]] to multiple [[organs]] may occur (including the [[placenta]] in [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] women, which results in [[congenital rubella syndrome]]). | ||
* The onset of [[viremia]] is usually between 8-9 days after exposure, peaking at 10-17 days. | * The onset of [[viremia]] is usually between 8-9 days after exposure, peaking at 10-17 days. | ||
* The onset of rash | * The onset of [[rash]] often occurs 16-18 days after exposure (around the peak of [[viremia]]). | ||
* Approximately 10 days after infection, viral shedding from the [[nasopharynx]] begins. | * Approximately 10 days after infection, [[viral shedding]] from the [[nasopharynx]] begins. | ||
* Viral shedding may continue 1 week before the rash appears to about 5-14 days after the disappearance of the rash. | * [[Viral shedding]] may continue 1 week before the [[rash]] appears to about 5-14 days after the disappearance of the [[rash]]. | ||
* The patient is | * The [[infected]] patient is [[contagious]] 5 days before the onset of the [[rash]] to 6 days after the appearance of the [[rash]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:04, 30 July 2020
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Rubella Microchapters |
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Rubella pathophysiology On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Rubella pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2], Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[3]
Overview
The pathophysiology of rubella is not completely understood. Viral replication in the respiratory epithelium occurs following transmission of the virus via contact with droplet secretions from an infected person. Viremia subsequently ensues, with the onset of the rubella rash occurring at the peak of viremia.[1][2]
Pathophysiology
Transmission
- Rubella is transmitted primarily through direct or droplet contact with nasopharyngeal secretions of infected persons.
- Humans are the only natural host.
- Rubella infection usually occur during late winter and early spring.
- The average incubation period of rubella virus is 17 days, with a range of 12 to 23 days.
- People infected with rubella are most contagious when the rash is erupting.
Pathogenesis
The pathophysiology of rubella infection is not fully understood.[1] The pathophysiology of rubella infection involves the following processes:[1][2][3]
- The transmission of infection is via person-person spread through droplets that are shed from respiratory secretions of infected persons.
- Viral replication occurs in the respiratory epithelium, with subsequent spread of the virus to the regional lymph nodes.
- Viremia ensues and subsequent seeding of viremia to multiple organs may occur (including the placenta in pregnant women, which results in congenital rubella syndrome).
- The onset of viremia is usually between 8-9 days after exposure, peaking at 10-17 days.
- The onset of rash often occurs 16-18 days after exposure (around the peak of viremia).
- Approximately 10 days after infection, viral shedding from the nasopharynx begins.
- Viral shedding may continue 1 week before the rash appears to about 5-14 days after the disappearance of the rash.
- The infected patient is contagious 5 days before the onset of the rash to 6 days after the appearance of the rash.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew (2016). "Chapter 368:Rubella (German Measles)". Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2204–2206. ISBN 9781455750177.
- ↑ Buimovici-Klein E, Cooper LZ (1985). "Cell-mediated immune response in rubella infections". Rev Infect Dis. 7 Suppl 1: S123–8. PMID 2408312.