Gynecomastia risk factors: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
|||
| (24 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{Gynecomastia}} | {{Gynecomastia}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{DAMI}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HS}}; {{DAMI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include the use of [[medications]], [[cirrhosis]], and [[hyperthyroidism]]. The less common risk factors include [[aromatase]] overexpression, [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] and [[testosterone]] pathway defects. | |||
==Risk | ==Risk factors== | ||
=== | [[Risk factors]] in the development of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid12765">{{cite journal| author=Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG| title=Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent. | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | year= 1976 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 1300-3 | pmid=12765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12765 }} </ref><ref name="pmid907238">{{cite journal| author=Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH| title=Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 398-403 | pmid=907238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=907238 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18911010">{{cite journal| author=JACOBS EC| title=Gynecomastia following severe starvation. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1948 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 792-7 | pmid=18911010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18911010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1166483">{{cite journal| author=Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL| title=Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver. | journal=Steroids | year= 1975 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-56 | pmid=1166483 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1166483 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5658367">{{cite journal| author=Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO| title=Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1968 | volume= 69 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-72 | pmid=5658367 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5658367 }} </ref> | ||
: | |||
====Common Risk Factors==== | ====Common Risk Factors==== | ||
* Idiopathic | * [[Idiopathic]] | ||
* [[Drugs]] | |||
* Drugs | ** [[Spironolactone]] | ||
** Spironolactone | ** [[Cimetidine]] | ||
** Cimetidine | ** [[Human growth hormone|Recombinant human growth hormone]] | ||
** Recombinant | ** [[Estrogen|Estrogens]] | ||
** Estrogens | ** [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Human chorionic gonadotropin]] | ||
** Human | ** [[Androgen|Anti-androgens]] | ||
** Anti-androgens | ** [[Gonadotrophin|Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) agonists]] | ||
** Gonadotropin | ** [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency|5-alpha reductase inhibitors]] | ||
** 5-alpha reductase inhibitors | ** [[Ketoconazole]] | ||
** Ketoconazole | * [[Cirrhosis]] | ||
* | * [[Hypogonadism]] | ||
* [[Testicular neoplasm|Testicular neoplasms]] | |||
* [[Hyperthyroidism]] | |||
* [[Kidney disease|Chronic kidney disease]] | |||
* Testicular neoplasms | |||
* Hyperthyroidism | |||
* Chronic | |||
====Less Common Risk Factors==== | ====Less Common Risk Factors==== | ||
* Feminizing adrenal tumors | * [[Adrenal tumor|Feminizing adrenal tumors]] | ||
* Ectopic hCG | * [[Hcg|Ectopic hCG]] excretion | ||
* | * [[Familial|Familial prepubertal gynecomastia]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 23:27, 15 November 2017
|
Gynecomastia Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Gynecomastia risk factors On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Gynecomastia risk factors |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Gynecomastia risk factors |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]; Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include the use of medications, cirrhosis, and hyperthyroidism. The less common risk factors include aromatase overexpression, androgen insensitivity syndrome and testosterone pathway defects.
Risk factors
Risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Common Risk Factors
Less Common Risk Factors
References
- ↑ Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG (1976). "Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent". Arzneimittelforschung. 26 (7): 1300–3. PMID 12765.
- ↑ Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH (1977). "Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia". Ann Intern Med. 87 (4): 398–403. PMID 907238.
- ↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
- ↑ Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
- ↑ JACOBS EC (1948). "Gynecomastia following severe starvation". Ann Intern Med. 28 (4): 792–7. PMID 18911010.
- ↑ Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM (1985). "Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications". Cancer. 56 (10): 2534–8. PMID 4042075.
- ↑ Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL (1975). "Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver". Steroids. 26 (1): 47–56. PMID 1166483.
- ↑ Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO (1968). "Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis". Ann Intern Med. 69 (1): 67–72. PMID 5658367.