Smoking risk factors: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Smoking}} | {{Smoking}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{AKI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The common risk factors for smoking are, poor family ties, unemployment, [[alcohol]] addiction, using illicit drugs, [[anxiety disorders]], and [[genetic]] susceptibility.<ref name="pmid14772469">{{cite journal| author=DOLL R, HILL AB| title=Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1950 | volume= 2 | issue= 4682 | pages= 739-48 | pmid=14772469 | doi= | pmc=2038856 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14772469 }} </ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors for the smoking and the failure of smoking cessation attempts include: | |||
* Poor parent-adolescent relationship quality<ref name="pmid23163243">{{cite journal| author=Hummel A, Shelton KH, Heron J, Moore L, van den Bree MB| title=A systematic review of the relationships between family functioning, pubertal timing and adolescent substance use. | journal=Addiction | year= 2013 | volume= 108 | issue= 3 | pages= 487-96 | pmid=23163243 | doi=10.1111/add.12055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23163243 }} </ref> | * Poor parent-adolescent relationship quality<ref name="pmid23163243">{{cite journal| author=Hummel A, Shelton KH, Heron J, Moore L, van den Bree MB| title=A systematic review of the relationships between family functioning, pubertal timing and adolescent substance use. | journal=Addiction | year= 2013 | volume= 108 | issue= 3 | pages= 487-96 | pmid=23163243 | doi=10.1111/add.12055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23163243 }} </ref> | ||
*Unemployment<ref name="pmid21466502">{{cite journal| author=Henkel D| title=Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). | journal=Curr Drug Abuse Rev | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 4-27 | pmid=21466502 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21466502 }} </ref> | *Unemployment<ref name="pmid21466502">{{cite journal| author=Henkel D| title=Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). | journal=Curr Drug Abuse Rev | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 4-27 | pmid=21466502 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21466502 }} </ref> | ||
*Alcohol addiction | *[[Alcohol]] [[addiction]] | ||
*[[Anxiety disorders]] | |||
*[[Genetic]] susceptibility | |||
*Patients with addictive disorders<ref name="pmid19527556">{{cite journal| author=Morisano D, Bacher I, Audrain-McGovern J, George TP| title=Mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of tobacco use in mental health and addictive disorders. | journal=Can J Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 54 | issue= 6 | pages= 356-67 | pmid=19527556 | doi=10.1177/070674370905400603 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19527556 }} </ref> | *Patients with addictive disorders<ref name="pmid19527556">{{cite journal| author=Morisano D, Bacher I, Audrain-McGovern J, George TP| title=Mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of tobacco use in mental health and addictive disorders. | journal=Can J Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 54 | issue= 6 | pages= 356-67 | pmid=19527556 | doi=10.1177/070674370905400603 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19527556 }} </ref> | ||
*Smoking under the age of | *Smoking under the age of 18 years is considered as a risk factor for chronic smoking. | ||
*Illicit drug abuse<ref name="pmid27338966">{{cite journal| author=Camenga DR, Klein JD| title=Tobacco Use Disorders. | journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am | year= 2016 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 445-60 | pmid=27338966 | doi=10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.003 | pmc=4920978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27338966 }} </ref> | *Illicit drug abuse<ref name="pmid27338966">{{cite journal| author=Camenga DR, Klein JD| title=Tobacco Use Disorders. | journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am | year= 2016 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 445-60 | pmid=27338966 | doi=10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.003 | pmc=4920978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27338966 }} </ref> | ||
*Access and exposure to substances of abuse and neighborhood disadvantage<ref name="pmid27322303">{{cite journal| author=Mennis J, Stahler GJ, Mason MJ| title=Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research. | journal=Int J Environ Res Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= | pmid=27322303 | doi=10.3390/ijerph13060607 | pmc=4924064 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27322303 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 22:26, 31 May 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The common risk factors for smoking are, poor family ties, unemployment, alcohol addiction, using illicit drugs, anxiety disorders, and genetic susceptibility.[1]
Risk Factors
The risk factors for the smoking and the failure of smoking cessation attempts include:
- Poor parent-adolescent relationship quality[2]
- Unemployment[3]
- Alcohol addiction
- Anxiety disorders
- Genetic susceptibility
- Patients with addictive disorders[4]
- Smoking under the age of 18 years is considered as a risk factor for chronic smoking.
- Illicit drug abuse[5]
- Access and exposure to substances of abuse and neighborhood disadvantage[6]
References
- ↑ DOLL R, HILL AB (1950). "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report". Br Med J. 2 (4682): 739–48. PMC 2038856. PMID 14772469.
- ↑ Hummel A, Shelton KH, Heron J, Moore L, van den Bree MB (2013). "A systematic review of the relationships between family functioning, pubertal timing and adolescent substance use". Addiction. 108 (3): 487–96. doi:10.1111/add.12055. PMID 23163243.
- ↑ Henkel D (2011). "Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010)". Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 4 (1): 4–27. PMID 21466502.
- ↑ Morisano D, Bacher I, Audrain-McGovern J, George TP (2009). "Mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of tobacco use in mental health and addictive disorders". Can J Psychiatry. 54 (6): 356–67. doi:10.1177/070674370905400603. PMID 19527556.
- ↑ Camenga DR, Klein JD (2016). "Tobacco Use Disorders". Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 25 (3): 445–60. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.003. PMC 4920978. PMID 27338966.
- ↑ Mennis J, Stahler GJ, Mason MJ (2016). "Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13 (6). doi:10.3390/ijerph13060607. PMC 4924064. PMID 27322303.