Chlamydophila psittaci: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Psittacosis is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci. [[Chlamydia (bacterium)|Chlamydia]] is understood to be a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium]] belonging to the genus [[Chlamydia]] or [[Chlamydophila]] in the family of [[Chlamydiaceae]]  together with  [[Parachlamydiaceae]], [[Waddliaceae]] and [[Simkaniaceae]] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Chlamydiales]], [[Class (biology)|class]] and [[phylum]] [[Chlamydiae]]. [[Chlamydiales]] are [[obligate]] intracellular infectious agents in [[eukaryotic]] cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.<ref name="pmid229510">{{cite journal| author=de Rossi G, Focacci C| title=Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning. | journal=Radiol Diagn (Berl) | year= 1979 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 405-9 | pmid=229510 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=229510  }} </ref>
Psittacosis is caused by the [[organism]] [[Chlamydia|''Chlamydia psittaci''.]] [[Chlamydia (bacterium)|Chlamydia]] is understood to be a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium]] belonging to the [[genus]] [[Chlamydia]] or [[Chlamydophila]] in the [[family]] of [[Chlamydiaceae|''Chlamydiaceae'']]  together with  [[Parachlamydiaceae|''Parachlamydiaceae'']], [[Waddliaceae|''Waddliaceae'']] and [[Simkaniaceae|''Simkaniaceae'']] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Chlamydiales|''Chlamydiales'']], [[Class (biology)|class]] and [[phylum]] [[Chlamydiae|''Chlamydiae'']]. [[Chlamydiales]] are [[obligate]] intracellular infectious agents in [[eukaryotic]] cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.<ref name="pmid229510">{{cite journal| author=de Rossi G, Focacci C| title=Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning. | journal=Radiol Diagn (Berl) | year= 1979 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 405-9 | pmid=229510 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=229510  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
Birds are the major [[zoonotic]] reservoir. Despite its name, C. psittaci infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird orders, from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of psittacosis<ref name="BeeckmanVanrompay2009">{{cite journal|last1=Beeckman|first1=D.S.A.|last2=Vanrompay|first2=D.C.G.|title=Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=15|issue=1|year=2009|pages=11–17|issn=1198743X|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x}}</ref>. Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher prevalence of the disease. Some of the birds listed below have been identified with psittacosis.
* Birds are the major [[zoonotic]] reservoir. Despite its name, ''C. psittaci'' infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird [[Order (biology)|orders]], from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of [[psittacosis]].<ref name="BeeckmanVanrompay2009">{{cite journal|last1=Beeckman|first1=D.S.A.|last2=Vanrompay|first2=D.C.G.|title=Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=15|issue=1|year=2009|pages=11–17|issn=1198743X|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x}}</ref>
*Psittaformes<ref name="pmid262635">{{cite journal| author=Milani R, Bianca T, Monni S, Di Franco S, Di Ruscio A, Filogamo C et al.| title=[Basic theory and experimental results of a new method of approach to vascular hemodialysis (preliminary note)]. | journal=Chir Patol Sper | year= 1979 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-34 | pmid=262635 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=262635 }} </ref>
* Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher [[prevalence]] of the [[disease]]. 
**Budgerigars
* [[C. psittaci|''C. psittaci'']] may be classified into eight [[serovars]] according to variation in the [[Major Basic Protein|major outer membrane protein]] (MOMP): [[serovar]] A to F, WC and M56.<ref name="pmid9765811">{{cite journal| author=Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F| title=Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies. | journal=Res Microbiol | year= 1997 | volume= 148 | issue= 4 | pages= 327-33 | pmid=9765811 | doi=10.1016/S0923-2508(97)81588-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9765811 }} </ref>  
**Cockatiels
'''Table 1: Classification of ''Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars'''''<ref name="pmid1153750">{{cite journal| author=Balter S, Janower ML| title=The use of photochromic eyeglasses by radiologists. | journal=Radiology | year= 1975 | volume= 116 | issue= 02 | pages= 450 | pmid=1153750 | doi=10.1148/116.2.450 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1153750 }} </ref>
**Cockatoos
{| class="wikitable"
**Parakeetsa
!Serovar
*Galliformes<ref name="pmid3538658">{{cite journal| author=Efimov AS, Vaniurikhina LT, Orlova AV| title=[Trypsin-type serine proteases in the blood serum and lymphocytes of patients with diabetic angiopathies]. | journal=Vrach Delo | year= 1986 | volume= | issue= 9 | pages= 78-81 | pmid=3538658 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3538658 }} </ref>
!Genotype
**Turkeys
!Predominant host order
**Pheasants
!Human infection documented
**Chickens
|-
*Columbiformes<ref name="pmid2709727">{{cite journal| author=Petrov VI, Sytnik AP, Gorbunov VN, Korenev NN, Naumov BA| title=[Anterior seromyotomy of the corpus and fundus of the stomach in combination with posterior selective vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. | journal=Khirurgiia (Mosk) | year= 1989 | volume=  | issue= 2 | pages= 84-7 | pmid=2709727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2709727  }} </ref>
|A
**Doves
|A
**Pigeons
|Psittaformes
*Passiformes
* Budgerigars
**Canaries
* Cockatiels
**Finches
* Parakeets
*Anseriformes
|Yes
**Ducks
|-
**Geese
|B
**Swans<ref name="pmid23654298">{{cite journal| author=Dickx V, Kalmar ID, Tavernier P, Vanrompay D| title=Prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in Belgium. | journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 382-4 | pmid=23654298 | doi=10.1089/vbz.2012.1131 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23654298  }} </ref>
|B
*Mule ducks have also been associated with human disease through heavy shedding.
|Columbiformes
Most humans are infected from birds of the order psittaciformes, which includes budgerigars, cockatiels, cockatoos, and parrots. Although the ducks are asymptomatic, each bird order tends to be infected by a predominant genotype of C. psittaci.
* Pigeons
 
* Doves
Other animals documented with C psittaci infection include;
|Yes
*Horses
|-
*Cattle<ref name="pmid5454149">{{cite journal| author=Corson JA, Golub AM, Masiarz FR, Villars T, McConnell JV| title="Behavior induction" or "memory transfer". | journal=Science | year= 1970 | volume= 169 | issue= 3952 | pages= 1342 | pmid=5454149 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5454149  }} </ref> and  
|C
*Koalas<ref name="WeiglerGirjes1988">{{cite journal|last1=Weigler|first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Girjes|first2=Adeeb A.|last3=White|first3=Neil A.|last4=Kunst|first4=Noleen D.|last5=Carrick|first5=Frank N.|last6=Lavin|first6=Martin F.|title=ASPECTS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI INFECTION IN A POPULATION OF KOALAS (PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=24|issue=2|year=1988|pages=282–291|issn=0090-3558|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.282}}</ref>, although transmission to people is seemingly a rare occurrence from these sources.
|C
|Anseriformes  
* Ducks
* Geese
* Swans
|Yes
|-
|D
|D
|Galliformes
* Turkeys
* Pheasants
* Chickens
|Yes
|-
|E
|E
|Struthioniformes
* Ostriches
* Pigeons
* Duck
|Yes
|-
|F
|F
|Isolated from single parakeet and turkey only
|Yes
|-
|WC
|G
|Cattle
|No
|-
|M56
|H
|Rodents
|No
|-
|
|E/B
|Ducks
|Yes
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:32, 27 July 2017


For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]

Chlamydophila psittaci
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlamydiae
Order: Chlamydiales
Family: Chlamydiaceae
Genus: Chlamydophila
Species: C. psittaci

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Overview

Psittacosis is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia is understood to be a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Chlamydia or Chlamydophila in the family of Chlamydiaceae together with Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae and Simkaniaceae in the order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular infectious agents in eukaryotic cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.[1]

Causes

Table 1: Classification of Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars[4]

Serovar Genotype Predominant host order Human infection documented
A A Psittaformes
  • Budgerigars
  • Cockatiels
  • Parakeets
 Yes
B B Columbiformes
  • Pigeons
  • Doves
 Yes
C C Anseriformes
  • Ducks
  • Geese
  • Swans
 Yes
D D Galliformes
  • Turkeys
  • Pheasants
  • Chickens
 Yes
E E Struthioniformes
  • Ostriches
  • Pigeons
  • Duck
 Yes
F F Isolated from single parakeet and turkey only Yes
WC G Cattle No
M56 H Rodents No
E/B Ducks Yes

References

  1. ↑ de Rossi G, Focacci C (1979). "Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning". Radiol Diagn (Berl). 20 (3): 405–9. PMID 229510.
  2. ↑ Beeckman, D.S.A.; Vanrompay, D.C.G. (2009). "Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 15 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x. ISSN 1198-743X.
  3. ↑ Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F (1997). "Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies". Res Microbiol. 148 (4): 327–33. doi:10.1016/S0923-2508(97)81588-4. PMID 9765811.
  4. ↑ Balter S, Janower ML (1975). "The use of photochromic eyeglasses by radiologists". Radiology. 116 (02): 450. doi:10.1148/116.2.450. PMID 1153750.


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