21-hydroxylase deficiency historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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{{Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency }}
{{21-hydroxylase deficiency }}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MJ}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MJ}} {{AAM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] was first discovered by Luigi De Crecchio, an Italian pathologist in 1865. Explanation of hormonal aspects and molecular characteristics remained unclear until 1980.
[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] was first discovered in 1865 by an Italian [[pathologist]], Luigi De Crecchio. Explanation of [[hormonal]] aspects and [[Molecular|molecular characteristics]] remained unclear until 1980. From 1980 scientists started to describe [[enzymes]] and [[molecular]] basis of 21-hydroxyase deficiency.


from 1980 scientists started to describe enzymes and molecular basis of 21-hydroxyase deficiency.
==Historical Perspective==
=== Discovery ===
Landmark events in the understanding and discovery of [[adrenal]] hormones include the following:<ref name="pmid25635623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delle Piane L, Rinaudo PF, Miller WL |title=150 years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: translation and commentary of De Crecchio's classic paper from 1865 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=156 |issue=4 |pages=1210–7 |year=2015 |pmid=25635623 |doi=10.1210/en.2014-1879 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ISBN:978-0323297387">{{cite book | last = Melmed | first = Shlomo | title = Williams textbook of endocrinology | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0323297387 }}=</ref><ref name="pmid18118071">{{cite journal |vauthors=HENCH PS, KENDALL EC |title=The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=181–97 |year=1949 |pmid=18118071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4288776">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N |title=17-hydroxylation deficiency in man |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1946–54 |year=1966 |pmid=4288776 |pmc=292880 |doi=10.1172/JCI105499 |url=}}</ref><ref>History of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Texas department of state health services (2016). http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/newborn/histor~1.shtm  Accessed on February 4, 2016</ref>
* In 1563, Eustachius described the [[adrenal glands]]. The findings were later on published by Lancisi in 1714.
* In 1849, [[Thomas Addison]], while searching for the cause of [[pernicious anemia]], found a bronze colored growth associated with the [[adrenal glands]]. Then in 1855, [[Thomas Addison]] described clinical findings in 11 cases of [[adrenal]] disorders.
* In 1856, while conducting [[adrenalectomy]] experiments, [[Brown-Sequard syndrome|Brown-Séquard]] found that the [[adrenal glands]] are necessary for life.
* In 1865, the Italian [[pathologist]], Dr. Luigi De Crecchio was the first to describe 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Dr. Crecchio found large [[adrenal glands]] in a male [[autopsy]], who had female [[internal organs]].
* In 1896, [[William Osler]] prepared an extraction derived from pig [[Adrenal|adrenals]] and showed that it had clinical benefit in patients with [[Addison disease]].
* In 1905, Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]].
* In 1936, Selye described the concept of stress and its effect on [[pituitary]]-[[adrenal]] function.
* In 1937-1952, Kendall and Reichstein, described the basic structure of [[Adrenocortical hormone|adrenocortical hormones]].
* In 1943, Li and colleagues isolated [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] from sheep [[pituitary]].
* In 1950, Hench, Kendall, and Reichstein shared the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] for describing the [[anti-inflammatory]] effects of [[cortisone]] in patients with [[rheumatoid arthritis]].
* In 1956, Conn described [[primary aldosteronism]].
* In 1963 [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] was described as a complex disorder, caused by different enzyme deficiencies.
* In 1965, the diagnostic approach to [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] was established by measuring the levels of [[Adrenal gland|adrenal]] [[steroids]] in [[amniotic fluid]].


==Discovery==
=== The molecular era ===
* Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxilase deficiency first time seen in 1865 by Luigi De Crecchio, an Italian pathologist, in a man at autopsy, who had large adrenal glands and female internal organs.
* 1980 - present has been termed as the [[molecular]] era; highlights during this era are as follows:
 
** Cloning and functional characterization of [[Steroid hormone receptor|steroid hormone receptors]] was discovered.
* Important aspects of discovering adrenal hormones and diseased include congenital adrenal hyperplasia below:<ref name="pmid25635623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delle Piane L, Rinaudo PF, Miller WL |title=150 years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: translation and commentary of De Crecchio's classic paper from 1865 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=156 |issue=4 |pages=1210–7 |year=2015 |pmid=25635623 |doi=10.1210/en.2014-1879 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ISBN:978-0323297387">{{cite book | last = Melmed | first = Shlomo | title = Williams textbook of endocrinology | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0323297387 }}=</ref><ref name="pmid18118071">{{cite journal |vauthors=HENCH PS, KENDALL EC |title=The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=181–97 |year=1949 |pmid=18118071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4288776">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N |title=17-hydroxylation deficiency in man |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1946–54 |year=1966 |pmid=4288776 |pmc=292880 |doi=10.1172/JCI105499 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Steroidogenic]] [[enzymes]] were described.
** In 1563, Eustachius described the adrenals and then published by Lancisi in 1714.
** [[Adrenal]] [[transcription factors]] were reported.
** In 1849, Thomas Addison, found on a bronzed appearance associated with the adrenal glands called melasma suprarenale while searching for the cause of pernicious anemia.
** [[Molecular]] basis for [[adrenal]] diseases was described.
** In 1855, Thomas Addison defined the clinical features and autopsy findings in 11 cases of diseases of the suprarenal capsules, and half of them were tuberculous in origin.
** In 1856, In adrenalectomy experiments, Brown-Séquard found that the adrenal glands are nessesary for life.
** In 1896, William Osler prepared an oral glycerin extract derived from pig adrenals and showed that it had clinical benefit in patients with Addison disease.
** In 1905, Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
** In 1936, Selye  described the concept of stress and its effect on pituitary-adrenal function.
** In 1937-1952, Kendall and Reichstein, defined the Isolation and structural characterization of adrenocortical hormones.
** In 1943, Li and colleagues isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone from sheep pituitary.
** In 1950, Hench, Kendall, and Reichstein shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for describing the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
** In 1956, Conn described primary aldosteronism.
** In 1981, Vale defined characterization and synthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone.
** From 1980-present called the molecular era; highlights in this section are:
*** Cloning and functional characterization of steroid receptors discovered.
*** Steroidogenic enzymes described.
*** Adrenal transcription factors were reported.
*** Molecular basis for human adrenal diseases described.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 22:12, 28 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2] Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [3]

Overview

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was first discovered in 1865 by an Italian pathologist, Luigi De Crecchio. Explanation of hormonal aspects and molecular characteristics remained unclear until 1980. From 1980 scientists started to describe enzymes and molecular basis of 21-hydroxyase deficiency.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Landmark events in the understanding and discovery of adrenal hormones include the following:[1][2][3][4][5]

The molecular era

References

  1. ↑ Delle Piane L, Rinaudo PF, Miller WL (2015). "150 years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: translation and commentary of De Crecchio's classic paper from 1865". Endocrinology. 156 (4): 1210–7. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1879. PMID 25635623.
  2. ↑ Melmed, Shlomo (2016). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323297387.=
  3. ↑ HENCH PS, KENDALL EC (1949). "The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis". Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 24 (8): 181–97. PMID 18118071.
  4. ↑ Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N (1966). "17-hydroxylation deficiency in man". J. Clin. Invest. 45 (12): 1946–54. doi:10.1172/JCI105499. PMC 292880. PMID 4288776.
  5. ↑ History of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Texas department of state health services (2016). http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/newborn/histor~1.shtm Accessed on February 4, 2016

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