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{{Mastoiditis}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Mastoiditis and [[middle ear]] diseases evidently have been present in the human race for centuries. Mastoiditis was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C.E. The first recorded surgical incision for treatment of [[medial]] [[ear]] infection was performed in the 16th century C.E. by French physician Ambroise Paré. Initial therapies for [[middle ear]] diseases were surgical; [[mastoidectomy]] was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century C.E. German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer published the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865. [[Antibiotic]] therapy for the treatment of mastoiditis emerged with the invention of the mass production of [[penicillin]] in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain. The [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]] (PCV), which emerged in 2000, greatly reduced the incidence of [[otitis media]] and mastoiditis by vaccinating individuals against the causative pathogens.<ref name="pmid24276262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T |title=Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011 |journal=JAMA Pediatr |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=68–75 |year=2014 |pmid=24276262 |pmc=3947317 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924 |url=}}</ref>
Mastoiditis and [[middle ear]] diseases have evidently been present in the human race for centuries. Mastoiditis was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. The first recorded surgical incision for the treatment of [[middle ear infection]] was performed in the 16th century by French physician Ambroise Pare. Initial therapies for [[middle ear]] diseases were surgical; [[mastoidectomy]] was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century. German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer published the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865. [[Antibiotic]] therapy for the treatment of [[mastoiditis]] emerged with the mass production of [[penicillin]] in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain. The [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]] (PCV), which emerged in 2000, greatly reduced the incidence of [[otitis media]] and mastoiditis by providing individuals with protection against the causative pathogens.


== Discovery ==
== Discovery ==
* Roman physicians Hippocrates (450 BC) and Celsus (25 AD) described intracranial complications of [[otitis media]], including [[mastoiditis]].
* Roman physicians [[Hippocrates]] (450 BC) and Celsus (25 AD) described intracranial complications of [[otitis media]], including [[mastoiditis]].
* Morgagni and Lebert (1856) and Macewan (1881) later explained the study of pathophysiology and management of intracranial complications of [[otitis media]], including [[mastoiditis]].<ref name="pmid23120149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Modak VB, Chavan VR, Borade VR, Kotnis DP, Jaiswal SJ |title=Intracranial complications of otitis media: In retrospect |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=130–5 |year=2005 |pmid=23120149 |pmc=3450981 |doi=10.1007/BF02907667 |url=}}</ref>
* Morgagni and Lebert (1856) and Macewan (1881) later explained the study of the pathophysiology and management of intracranial complications of [[otitis media]], including [[mastoiditis]].<ref name="pmid23120149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Modak VB, Chavan VR, Borade VR, Kotnis DP, Jaiswal SJ |title=Intracranial complications of otitis media: In retrospect |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=130–5 |year=2005 |pmid=23120149 |pmc=3450981 |doi=10.1007/BF02907667 |url=}}</ref>
== Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies ==
== Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies ==
* The first recorded surgical incision for the treatment of [[medial]] [[ear]] infection was performed in the 16th century C.E. by French physician Ambroise Paré.<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
* The first recorded surgical incision for the treatment of [[middle ear infection]] was performed in the 16th century by French physician Ambroise Pare.
 
* Initial therapies for [[Middle ear infection|middle ear infections]] and [[mastoiditis]] were surgical; [[mastoidectomy]] was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century.
* Initial therapies for [[middle ear]] infections and mastoiditis were surgical; [[mastoidectomy]] was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century C.E.<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
** The procedure was first used for the purpose of draining [[pus]] from an [[abscess]].
** The procedure was first used for the purpose of draining [[pus]] from an [[abscess]].<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
* German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer advanced the discourse of clinical study of [[otitis media]] by publishing the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865.<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
* German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer advanced the discourse of clinical study of [[otitis media]] by publishing the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865.<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
* Adam Politzer founded the first otology clinic in 1873 in Austria, beginning the codification and standardization of the treatment of such ear diseases as [[otitis media]] and mastoiditis.
* Adam Politzer founded the first [[otology]] clinic in 1873 in Austria, beginning the codification and standardization of the treatment of such ear diseases as [[otitis media]] and [[mastoiditis]].
*The use of [[antibiotic]] therapy for the treatment of mastoiditis emerged with the invention of mass production of [[penicillin]] in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain.<ref name="pmid11624973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diamant H, Hultcrantz M |title=[Glimpses from the history of otitis media] |language=Swedish |journal=Nord Medicinhist Arsb |volume= |issue= |pages=189–95 |year=1996 |pmid=11624973 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The use of [[antibiotic|antibiotics]] for the treatment of mastoiditis emerged with the mass production of [[penicillin]] in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain.<ref name="pmid11624973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diamant H, Hultcrantz M |title=[Glimpses from the history of otitis media] |language=Swedish |journal=Nord Medicinhist Arsb |volume= |issue= |pages=189–95 |year=1996 |pmid=11624973 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** This was the first instance of the modern use of [[antibiotic]] therapy, as opposed to surgery, for the treatment of [[middle ear]] diseases.
** This was the first instance of the modern use of [[antibiotic]] therapy, as opposed to surgery, for the treatment of [[middle ear]] diseases.
* The [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]] (PCV) emerged in 2000, greatly reducing the [[incidence]] of [[otitis media]] by vaccinating individuals against the causative pathogens..<ref name="pmid24276262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T |title=Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011 |journal=JAMA Pediatr |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=68–75 |year=2014 |pmid=24276262 |pmc=3947317 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924 |url=}}</ref>
* The [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]] (PCV), which emerged in 2000, greatly reduced the [[incidence]] of [[otitis media]] by providing individuals with protection against the causative [[pathogens]].<ref name="pmid24276262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T |title=Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011 |journal=JAMA Pediatr |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=68–75 |year=2014 |pmid=24276262 |pmc=3947317 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924 |url=}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
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[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 22:39, 29 July 2020

Mastoiditis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Mastoiditis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Overview

Mastoiditis and middle ear diseases have evidently been present in the human race for centuries. Mastoiditis was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. The first recorded surgical incision for the treatment of middle ear infection was performed in the 16th century by French physician Ambroise Pare. Initial therapies for middle ear diseases were surgical; mastoidectomy was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century. German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer published the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865. Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of mastoiditis emerged with the mass production of penicillin in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), which emerged in 2000, greatly reduced the incidence of otitis media and mastoiditis by providing individuals with protection against the causative pathogens.

Discovery

  • Roman physicians Hippocrates (450 BC) and Celsus (25 AD) described intracranial complications of otitis media, including mastoiditis.
  • Morgagni and Lebert (1856) and Macewan (1881) later explained the study of the pathophysiology and management of intracranial complications of otitis media, including mastoiditis.[1]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • The first recorded surgical incision for the treatment of middle ear infection was performed in the 16th century by French physician Ambroise Pare.
  • Initial therapies for middle ear infections and mastoiditis were surgical; mastoidectomy was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century.
    • The procedure was first used for the purpose of draining pus from an abscess.
  • German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer advanced the discourse of clinical study of otitis media by publishing the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865.[2]
  • Adam Politzer founded the first otology clinic in 1873 in Austria, beginning the codification and standardization of the treatment of such ear diseases as otitis media and mastoiditis.
  • The use of antibiotics for the treatment of mastoiditis emerged with the mass production of penicillin in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain.[3]
    • This was the first instance of the modern use of antibiotic therapy, as opposed to surgery, for the treatment of middle ear diseases.
  • The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), which emerged in 2000, greatly reduced the incidence of otitis media by providing individuals with protection against the causative pathogens.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Modak VB, Chavan VR, Borade VR, Kotnis DP, Jaiswal SJ (2005). "Intracranial complications of otitis media: In retrospect". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 57 (2): 130–5. doi:10.1007/BF02907667. PMC 3450981. PMID 23120149.
  2. ↑ Bento RF, Fonseca AC (2013). "A brief history of mastoidectomy". Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 17 (2): 168–78. doi:10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009. PMC 4423283. PMID 25992009.
  3. ↑ Diamant H, Hultcrantz M (1996). "[Glimpses from the history of otitis media]". Nord Medicinhist Arsb (in Swedish): 189–95. PMID 11624973.
  4. ↑ Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T (2014). "Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011". JAMA Pediatr. 168 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924. PMC 3947317. PMID 24276262.

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