Whipworm infection historical perspective: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
m Bot: Removing from Primary care |
||
| (7 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
In 1761, Roederer | In 1761, Roederer described [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] for the first time. In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] name for human whipworm as ''[[Trichuris trichiura]].'' The human whipworm (''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'') is generally considered "heirloom," since it is found in African non-human [[primates]], and [[Parasites|parasite]] eggs were found in [[Fossil record|fossilized]] human [[feces]] in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization. The origin of human ''[[Trichuris]]'' is believed to be in Africa, where the [[Parasites|parasite]] was transmitted to humans through early [[primates]]. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
'''Whipworm and Humans: An evolutionary perspective''' | '''Whipworm and Humans: An evolutionary perspective''' | ||
*Since the evolution of humans and the [[genus]] ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' for the past four million years, there has been continuous contact | *Since the evolution of humans and the [[genus]] ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'', for the past four million years, there has been continuous contact between humans and many [[parasites]]. | ||
*[[Parasites]] infecting humans today | *[[Parasites]] infecting humans today have different evolutionary origins and can be broadly divided into two groups: | ||
** | **[[Parasites]] transmitted to humans through [[primates]], which are referred to as “heirloom.” | ||
** | **[[Parasites]] acquired more recently through contact with animals (e.g. during animal domestication in the Neolithic period roughly 10,000 years ago), which are referred to as “souvenirs.”<ref name="pmid12364371">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of human parasitology |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=595–612 |year=2002 |pmid=12364371 |pmc=126866 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The human [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] (''[[Trichuris trichiura]])'' is generally considered "heirloom" | *The human [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] (''[[Trichuris trichiura]])'' is generally considered "heirloom," since it is found in African, non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in human [[Fossil record|fossilized]] [[feces]] in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization.<ref name="pmid123643712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of human parasitology |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=595–612 |year=2002 |pmid=12364371 |pmc=126866 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
'''Demographic History''' | '''Demographic History''' | ||
* Discovery of [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.<ref name="pmid268006832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref> | * Discovery of [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.<ref name="pmid268006832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* The origin of human ''Trichuris'' is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early [[primates]] | * The origin of human ''Trichuris'' is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early [[primates]]. When pigs evolved in China, they presumably acquired whipworms.<ref name="pmid26800683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlWhipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text">{{cite web |url=https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Phylogenetic|Phylogenetic analysis]] shows that the human [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] clustered into separate clades [[Demographics|demographically]]. The first divergence for human ''[[Trichuris trichiura|T. trichiura]]'' occurred between the Ugandan and China/Ecuador populations (over 500,000 generations ago), | * [[Phylogenetic|Phylogenetic analysis]] shows that the human [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] clustered into separate clades [[Demographics|demographically]]. The first divergence for human ''[[Trichuris trichiura|T. trichiura]]'' occurred between the Ugandan and China/Ecuador populations (over 500,000 generations ago). Then, a second split between the China and Ecuador populations (120,000 generations) occurred. This again supports the theory of ''[[Trichuris trichiura|T. trichiura]]'' originating in Africa and spreading to Asia and South America by human activity. | ||
'''Discovery and Binomial Nomenclature''' | '''Discovery and Binomial Nomenclature''' | ||
*In 1761, Roederer described [[Trichuris trichiura|whipworm]] for the first time.<ref name="pmid16830393">{{cite journal| author=Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N| title=Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 26 | pages= 4270-2 | pmid=16830393 | doi= | pmc=4087392 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16830393 }} </ref> | *In 1761, Roederer described [[Trichuris trichiura|whipworm]] for the first time.<ref name="pmid16830393">{{cite journal| author=Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N| title=Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 26 | pages= 4270-2 | pmid=16830393 | doi= | pmc=4087392 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16830393 }} </ref> | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]] | [[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:45, 30 July 2020
|
Whipworm infection Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Whipworm infection historical perspective On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Whipworm infection historical perspective |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Whipworm infection historical perspective |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]
Overview
In 1761, Roederer described whipworm for the first time. In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name for human whipworm as Trichuris trichiura. The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is generally considered "heirloom," since it is found in African non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in fossilized human feces in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization. The origin of human Trichuris is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early primates.
Historical Perspective
Whipworm and Humans: An evolutionary perspective
- Since the evolution of humans and the genus Homo, for the past four million years, there has been continuous contact between humans and many parasites.
- Parasites infecting humans today have different evolutionary origins and can be broadly divided into two groups:
- The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is generally considered "heirloom," since it is found in African, non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in human fossilized feces in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization.[2]
Demographic History
- Discovery of whipworm in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.[3]
- The origin of human Trichuris is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early primates. When pigs evolved in China, they presumably acquired whipworms.[4][5]
- Phylogenetic analysis shows that the human whipworm clustered into separate clades demographically. The first divergence for human T. trichiura occurred between the Ugandan and China/Ecuador populations (over 500,000 generations ago). Then, a second split between the China and Ecuador populations (120,000 generations) occurred. This again supports the theory of T. trichiura originating in Africa and spreading to Asia and South America by human activity.
Discovery and Binomial Nomenclature
- In 1761, Roederer described whipworm for the first time.[6]
- In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name for human whipworm as Trichuris trichiura.
References
- ↑ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595–612. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- ↑ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595–612. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- ↑ Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P (2016). "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography". Parasit Vectors. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8. PMC 4724142. PMID 26800683.
- ↑ Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P (2016). "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography". Parasit Vectors. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8. PMC 4724142. PMID 26800683.
- ↑ "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text".
- ↑ Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N (2006). "Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis". World J Gastroenterol. 12 (26): 4270–2. PMC 4087392. PMID 16830393.