African trypanosomiasis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{African trypanosomiasis}} | {{African trypanosomiasis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid , {{ADG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid, {{ADG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization and [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]] accounted for >98% of cases. There is no age | Currently, it is estimated that the annual [[prevalence]] of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the [[World Health Organization]] and ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' accounted for > 98% of cases. There is no predilection for a specific age group for [[African trypanosomiasis]]. | ||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
===Incidence and prevalence=== | ===Incidence and prevalence=== | ||
*The global incidence of African trypanosomiasis is estimated to be 7,000-10,000. | *The global [[incidence]] of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is estimated to be 7,000-10,000. | ||
*In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization; [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]] accounted for >98% of cases. | *In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization; ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' accounted for > 98% of cases. | ||
*Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is less than 20,000. | *Currently, it is estimated that the annual [[prevalence]] of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is less than 20,000. | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*There is no age | *There is no predilection for a specific age group for [[African trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]].<ref name="pmid16735165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fèvre EM, Picozzi K, Jannin J, Welburn SC, Maudlin I |title=Human African trypanosomiasis: Epidemiology and control |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=61 |issue= |pages=167–221 |year=2006 |pmid=16735165 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61005-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25125985">{{cite journal |vauthors=Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Jannin JG |title=Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=257–75 |year=2014 |pmid=25125985 |pmc=4130665 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S39728 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlTrypanosomiasis, African (Sleeping Sickness) - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers Health | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/trypanosomiasis-african-sleeping-sickness |title=Trypanosomiasis, African (Sleeping Sickness) - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlWHO | The current situation">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/country/country_situation/en/ |title=WHO | The current situation |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
*The rate of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is high among [[neonates]] due to risk of [[vertical transmission]] during [[pregnancy]]. | *The rate of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is high among [[neonates]] due to risk of [[vertical transmission]] during [[pregnancy]]. | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
*Men and women are affected equally by [[African trypanosomiasis]]. | *Men and women are affected equally by [[African trypanosomiasis]]. | ||
*Male gender is thought to be associated with worse prognosis than female gender. | *Male gender is thought to be associated with worse [[prognosis]] than female gender. | ||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
*Given the endemicity of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with African trypanosomiasis are of Hispanic origin. | *Given the [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemicity]] of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with [[African trypanosomiasis]] are of Hispanic origin. | ||
*However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection. | *However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection. | ||
===Geographic distribution=== | ===Geographic distribution=== | ||
*[[African trypanosomiasis]] is endemic | *[[African trypanosomiasis]] is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] to rural sub-Saharan Africa. | ||
*[[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense]] is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. | *''[[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense]]'' is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. | ||
*[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]] is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda. | *''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda. | ||
[[Image:HAT ga 2014 490.png|center|500px]] | [[Image:HAT ga 2014 490.png|center|500px]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | |||
[[Category:Neurology]] | [[Category:Neurology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:19, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid, Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounted for > 98% of cases. There is no predilection for a specific age group for African trypanosomiasis.
Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence
- The global incidence of African trypanosomiasis is estimated to be 7,000-10,000.
- In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounted for > 98% of cases.
- Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000.
Demographics
Age
- There is no predilection for a specific age group for African trypanosomiasis.[1][2][3][4]
- The rate of African trypanosomiasis is high among neonates due to risk of vertical transmission during pregnancy.
Gender
- Men and women are affected equally by African trypanosomiasis.
- Male gender is thought to be associated with worse prognosis than female gender.
Race
- Given the endemicity of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with African trypanosomiasis are of Hispanic origin.
- However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection.
Geographic distribution
- African trypanosomiasis is endemic to rural sub-Saharan Africa.
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda.
References
- ↑ Fèvre EM, Picozzi K, Jannin J, Welburn SC, Maudlin I (2006). "Human African trypanosomiasis: Epidemiology and control". Adv. Parasitol. 61: 167–221. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61005-6. PMID 16735165.
- ↑ Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Jannin JG (2014). "Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 257–75. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S39728. PMC 4130665. PMID 25125985.
- ↑ "Trypanosomiasis, African (Sleeping Sickness) - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC".
- ↑ "WHO | The current situation".