Psittacosis laboratory tests: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADI}}{{DAMI}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADI}}{{DAMI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Exposure history is | Exposure history is critical to diagnosis. In psittacosis patients, [[complete blood count]] shows [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], and moderately elevated [[liver]] [[enzymes]]. | ||
== Laboratory Findings== | == Laboratory Findings== | ||
===Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies<ref name="pmid2401812">{{cite journal| author=Kuwabara M, Tanemori N, Kawaguti Y, Nakamura K, Nomiyama S, Terada M et al.| title=[Clinical features of 36 cases of psittacosis]. | journal=Kansenshogaku Zasshi | year= 1990 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 498-503 | pmid=2401812 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2401812 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3062725">{{cite journal| author=Sahn SA| title=Pleural effusions in the atypical pneumonias. | journal=Semin Respir Infect | year= 1988 | volume= 3 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-34 | pmid=3062725 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3062725 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3343952">{{cite journal| author=Yung AP, Grayson ML| title=Psittacosis--a review of 135 cases. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 1988 | volume= 148 | issue= 5 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=3343952 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3343952 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2273272">{{cite journal| author=Crosse BA| title=Psittacosis: a clinical review. | journal=J Infect | year= 1990 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 251-9 | pmid=2273272 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2273272 }} </ref>=== | ===Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies<ref name="pmid2401812">{{cite journal| author=Kuwabara M, Tanemori N, Kawaguti Y, Nakamura K, Nomiyama S, Terada M et al.| title=[Clinical features of 36 cases of psittacosis]. | journal=Kansenshogaku Zasshi | year= 1990 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 498-503 | pmid=2401812 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2401812 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3062725">{{cite journal| author=Sahn SA| title=Pleural effusions in the atypical pneumonias. | journal=Semin Respir Infect | year= 1988 | volume= 3 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-34 | pmid=3062725 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3062725 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3343952">{{cite journal| author=Yung AP, Grayson ML| title=Psittacosis--a review of 135 cases. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 1988 | volume= 148 | issue= 5 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=3343952 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3343952 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2273272">{{cite journal| author=Crosse BA| title=Psittacosis: a clinical review. | journal=J Infect | year= 1990 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 251-9 | pmid=2273272 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2273272 }} </ref>=== | ||
* [[Leukocytosis]] | * [[Leukocytosis]] | ||
* | * Increased [[ESR]] | ||
* | * Increased [[CRP]] | ||
* [[Liver enzymes]] | * Elevated [[Liver enzymes]] | ||
* Rise in creatinine kinase | * Rise in creatinine kinase | ||
* [[Hyponatremia]] may be noticed | * [[Hyponatremia]] may be noticed | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
===Culture=== | ===Culture=== | ||
*Culture of ''[[C. psittaci|C. psittac]]<nowiki/>i'' is demanding | *Culture of ''[[C. psittaci|C. psittac]]<nowiki/>i'' is demanding and requires a level 3 laboratory isolation facility because of the risk of laboratory transmission, so it is rarely performed. | ||
*[[Microbiological culture]]s from respiratory secretions. | *[[Microbiological culture]]s from respiratory secretions. | ||
*Culture of ''[[Chlamydia psittaci | *Culture of ''[[Chlamydia psittaci]]'' is hazardous and should only be carried out in biosafety laboratories. | ||
*It is a tedious process and seldom done. | *It is a tedious process and seldom done. | ||
===Serology=== | ===Serology=== | ||
[[Serology]] is the principal method of confirming the diagnosis of [[C. psittaci|''C. psittaci'']]. There are two types of serologic tests available: | [[Serology]] is the principal method of confirming the diagnosis of [[C. psittaci|''C. psittaci'']]. There are two types of serologic tests available: | ||
* Microimmunofluorescent antibody test (MIF): The MIF test is the most [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitive]] and [[Specificity (tests)|specific]] [[Serological testing|serologic test]] for ''[[C. psittaci]]'' but is only available in special laboratories. | * Microimmunofluorescent [[antibody]] test (MIF): The MIF test is the most [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitive]] and [[Specificity (tests)|specific]] [[Serological testing|serologic test]] for ''[[C. psittaci]]'' but is only available in special laboratories. | ||
* [[Complement fixation test|Complement fixation]] (CF): It is the most widely available test but | * [[Complement fixation test|Complement fixation]] (CF): It is the most widely available test but cannot differentiate among the [[chlamydial]] [[species]]. | ||
=== Nucleic Acid Amplification === | === Nucleic Acid Amplification === | ||
* [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] techniques have been utilized in [[outbreaks]] for several years and can give a rapid, [[Specificity (tests)|specific]] diagnosis, which is particularly important in severe infection. | * [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] techniques have been utilized in [[outbreaks]] for several years and can give a rapid, [[Specificity (tests)|specific]] diagnosis, which is particularly important in severe infection. | ||
=== Monoclonal antibody techniques === | === Monoclonal antibody techniques === | ||
* More [[research]] is needed to support the [[efficacy]] and [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of | * More [[research]] is needed to support the [[efficacy]] and [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of [[monoclonal antibody]] tests. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:51, 29 July 2020
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Psittacosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Psittacosis laboratory tests On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Psittacosis laboratory tests |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Psittacosis laboratory tests |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]
Overview
Exposure history is critical to diagnosis. In psittacosis patients, complete blood count shows leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and moderately elevated liver enzymes.
Laboratory Findings
Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies[1][2][3][4]
- Leukocytosis
- Increased ESR
- Increased CRP
- Elevated Liver enzymes
- Rise in creatinine kinase
- Hyponatremia may be noticed
- Rise in blood urea nitrogen levels
- Urinalysis may show proteinuria
Culture
- Culture of C. psittaci is demanding and requires a level 3 laboratory isolation facility because of the risk of laboratory transmission, so it is rarely performed.
- Microbiological cultures from respiratory secretions.
- Culture of Chlamydia psittaci is hazardous and should only be carried out in biosafety laboratories.
- It is a tedious process and seldom done.
Serology
Serology is the principal method of confirming the diagnosis of C. psittaci. There are two types of serologic tests available:
- Microimmunofluorescent antibody test (MIF): The MIF test is the most sensitive and specific serologic test for C. psittaci but is only available in special laboratories.
- Complement fixation (CF): It is the most widely available test but cannot differentiate among the chlamydial species.
Nucleic Acid Amplification
- PCR techniques have been utilized in outbreaks for several years and can give a rapid, specific diagnosis, which is particularly important in severe infection.
Monoclonal antibody techniques
- More research is needed to support the efficacy and sensitivity of monoclonal antibody tests.
References
- ↑ Kuwabara M, Tanemori N, Kawaguti Y, Nakamura K, Nomiyama S, Terada M; et al. (1990). "[Clinical features of 36 cases of psittacosis]". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 64 (4): 498–503. PMID 2401812.
- ↑ Sahn SA (1988). "Pleural effusions in the atypical pneumonias". Semin Respir Infect. 3 (4): 322–34. PMID 3062725.
- ↑ Yung AP, Grayson ML (1988). "Psittacosis--a review of 135 cases". Med J Aust. 148 (5): 228–33. PMID 3343952.
- ↑ Crosse BA (1990). "Psittacosis: a clinical review". J Infect. 21 (3): 251–9. PMID 2273272.