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| {{Lyme disease}}
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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Anmol}}{{IMD}}
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| ==Overview==
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| [[Lyme disease]] is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States. In 2015, it was the sixth most common Nationally Notifiable disease. The number of people diagnosed with [[Lyme disease]] each year in the United States is around 30,000. This disease is concentrated heavily in the northeast and upper mid-west.
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| ===Incidence===
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anmol}} |
| *Lyme disease is the most common [[tick-borne disease]] in North America and Europe, and one of the fastest-growing [[infectious diseases]] in the United States.
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| * The number of people diagnosed with [[Lyme disease]] each year in the United States is around 30,000.<ref name="urlLyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/tables.html |title=Lyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| * In the United states, the [[incidence]] of [[Lyme disease]] is 8.9 per 100,000 persons; as per data collected by [[Center for Disease Control]] ([[CDC]]). <ref name="urlLyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC" />
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| *In the fourteen states where [[Lyme disease]] is most common , the average was 40.4 cases for every 100,000 persons for the year 2015.<ref name="urlLyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC" /><ref name="urlData and Statistics | Lyme Disease | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html |title=Data and Statistics | Lyme Disease | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| *Although [[Lyme disease]] has now been reported in majority of states in the U.S, about 95% of all reported cases are confined to just five geographic areas including New England, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central.<ref name="urlData and Statistics | Lyme Disease | CDC" />
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| [[Image:Reported cases of lyme disease in usa from 2001-2015.gif|center|750px|frame|Reported cases of Lyme disease in the United Stated from 2001 to 2015]]
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| === Seasonal Variation === | | ==Tables== |
| *[[Prevalence]] of [[infection]] in adult [[ticks]] are more then nymph stage by [[pathogens]] [[infectious]] to humans.<ref name="SchwartzFish1997">{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Ira|last2=Fish|first2=Durland|last3=Daniels|first3=Thomas J.|title=Prevalence of the Rickettsial Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Ticks from a Hyperendemic Focus of Lyme Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=337|issue=1|year=1997|pages=49–50|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199707033370111}}</ref> But the majority of [[infections]] are caused by [[ticks]] in the nymph stage during late spring and summer.<ref name="pmid10206627">{{cite journal| author=Falco RC, McKenna DF, Daniels TJ, Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D et al.| title=Temporal relation between Ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1999 | volume= 149 | issue= 8 | pages= 771-6 | pmid=10206627 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10206627 }}</ref>
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| *This is the reason for an increase in [[incidence]] of [[Lyme disease]] during the months of May to August.
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| | | !Diagnosis |
| [[image:Seasonal variation of lyme disease.jpg|center|500px|thumb|Confirmed [[Lyme disease]] cases by month of disease onset–United States, 2001-2015]]
| | !Lab findings |
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| ===Widespread disease and endemic regions===
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| *The number of reported cases of [[Disease|the disease]] have been increasing, as are [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] regions in North America.
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| *''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato has been maintained in enzootic cycles in California as well as other regions throughout North America, Europe and North Africa. Indeed, the [[DNA]] of ''[[Borrelia]]'' has been detected in lizards, indicating that they can be [[Infection (disambiguation)|infected]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Swanson KI, Norris DE |title=Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in lizards from Southern Maryland |journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=42-9 |year=2007 |pmid=17417956 |doi=10.1089/vbz.2006.0548}}</ref>
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| *In Europe, cases of ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato [[infected]] [[Tick|ticks]] are found predominantly in Norway, Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, Slovenia and Poland, but have been isolated in almost every country on the continent. [[Lyme disease]] statistics for Europe can be found at [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060622.asp Eurosurveillance website].
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| *''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato infested [[Tick|ticks]] are being found more frequently in Japan, as well as in northwest China and far eastern Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Li M, Masuzawa T, Takada N, ''et al'' |title=Lyme disease Borrelia species in northeastern China resemble those isolated from far eastern Russia and Japan |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=2705-9 |year=1998 |pmid=9647853 |url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/64/7/2705?view=long&pmid=9647853}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Masuzawa T |title=Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia |journal=Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=229-35 |year=2004 |pmid=15623946 |url = http://www.nih.go.jp/JJID/57/229.html}}</ref> ''[[Borrelia]]'' has been isolated in Mongolia as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walder G, Lkhamsuren E, Shagdar A, ''et al'' |title=Serological evidence for tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Mongolia |journal=Int. J. Med. Microbiol. |volume=296 Suppl 40 |issue= |pages=69-75 |year=2006 |pmid=16524782 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.031}}</ref>
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| *In South America [[tick-borne disease]] recognition and occurrence is rising.
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| *[[Tick|Ticks]] carrying ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato, as well as canine and human [[tick-borne disease]], have been reported widely in Brazil, but the subspecies of ''Borrelia'' has not yet been defined.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mantovani E, Costa IP, Gauditano G, Bonoldi VL, Higuchi ML, Yoshinari NH |title=Description of Lyme disease-like syndrome in Brazil. Is it a new tick borne disease or Lyme disease variation? |journal=Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=443-56 |year=2007 |pmid=17401487 }}</ref> The first reported case of [[Lyme disease]] in Brazil was made in 1993 in Sao Paulo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoshinari NH, Oyafuso LK, Monteiro FG, ''et al'' |title=Lyme disease. Report of a case observed in Brazil |language=Portuguese |journal=Revista do Hospital das Clínicas |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=170-4 |year=1993 |pmid=8284588 }}</ref>
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| *''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' sensu stricto antigens in patients have been identified in Colombia and in Bolivia.
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| *In Northern Africa, ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato has been identified in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bouattour A, Ghorbel A, Chabchoub A, Postic D |title=Lyme borreliosis situation in North Africa |language=French |journal=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis |volume=81 |issue=1-4 |pages=13-20 |year=2004 |pmid=16929760 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dsouli N, Younsi-Kabachii H, Postic D, ''et al'' |title=Reservoir role of lizard Psammodromus algirus in transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Spirochaetaceae) in Tunisia |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=737-42 |year=2006 |pmid=16892633 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Helmy N |title=Seasonal abundance of Ornithodoros (O.) savignyi and prevalence of infection with Borrelia spirochetes in Egypt |journal=Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=607-19 |year=2000 |pmid=10946521}}</ref>
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| *In Western and sub-Saharan Africa, tick-borne [[relapsing fever]] was first identified by the British physicians Joseph Dutton and John Todd in 1905. ''[[Borrelia]]'' in the manifestation of [[Lyme disease]] in this region is presently unknown but evidence indicates that Lyme disease may occur in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. The abundance of hosts and [[tick]] [[Vector|vectors]] would favor the establishment of [[Lyme]] [[infection]] in Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fivaz BH, Petney TN |title=Lyme disease--a new disease in southern Africa? |journal=Journal of the South African Veterinary Association |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=155-8 |year=1989 |pmid=2699499}}</ref> In East Africa, two cases of [[Lyme disease]] have been reported in Kenya.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jowi JO, Gathua SN |title=Lyme disease: report of two cases |journal=East African medical journal |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=267-9 |year=2005 |pmid=16119758}}</ref>
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| *In Australia there is no definitive evidence for the existence of ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi|B. burgdorferi]]'' or for any other [[Tick-borne disease|tick-borne]] [[Spirochaete|spirochete]] that may be responsible for a local syndrome being reported as [[Lyme disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Piesman J, Stone BF |title=Vector competence of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi |journal=Int. J. Parasitol. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=109-11 |year=1991 |pmid=2040556}}</ref> Cases of neuroborreliosis have been documented in Australia but are often ascribed to travel to other continents. The existence of [[Lyme disease]] in Australia is controversial.
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| *Data shows that Northern hemisphere temperate regions are most [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] for [[Lyme disease|Lyme diseas]]<nowiki/>e.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grubhoffer L, Golovchenko M, Vancová M, Zacharovová-Slavícková K, Rudenko N, Oliver JH |title=Lyme borreliosis: insights into tick-/host-borrelia relations |journal=Folia Parasitol. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=279-94 |year=2005 |pmid=16405291}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Higgins R |title=Emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases: bartonellosis, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, plague |journal=Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=569-81 |year=2004 |pmid=15702720}}</ref>
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| [[Image:Geographical distribution of reported Lyme Disease cases.png|centre|650px|Geographical distribution of Lyme disease.]]
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| ===Age===
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| *There's a higher [[incidence]] of [[infection]] among children and infants of less than a year to 15 years.
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| *Another peak occurs in individuals between the ages of 40 to 55 years.
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| ===Gender===
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| *On average, there is a higher incidence among males than females.
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| *However among ages 70 and higher, females tend to have a higher incidence of infection.
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| [[Image:Agesex lyme.gif|center|500px|thumb|Peaks occur in males between the ages of less than one year to 15 and 40 to 55 years. Female patients are at a slightly higher risk than male patients above the age of 70.]]
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| ===Race===
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| *[[Lyme disease]] is more prevalent in the white people.<ref name="urlRacial Disparities in Nationally Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2002">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5401a4.htm |title=Racial Disparities in Nationally Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2002 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
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| [[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]
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| [[Category:Lyme disease]]
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| [[Category:Zoonoses]]
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| [[Category:Spirochaetes]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Dermatology]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
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