Protein energy malnutrition causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by reduced [[Breastfeeding|breast feeding]], [[Weaning|poor weaning practices,]] limited availability of food and | Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by reduced [[Breastfeeding|breast feeding]], [[Weaning|poor weaning practices,]] limited availability of food and inadequate child care in cases of extreme poverty. This classically affects several poor people in regions of poor [[Social status|social and economic]] background. Other environmental causes such as [[infections]], drought and [[Earthquake Valve|earthquakes]] leading to decreased availability of food have also been identified. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by:<ref name="pmid15664232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachs JD, McArthur JW |title=The Millennium Project: a plan for meeting the Millennium Development Goals |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9456 |pages=347–53 |year=2005 |pmid=15664232 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17791-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14568749">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Waal A, Whiteside A |title=New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9391 |pages=1234–7 |year=2003 |pmid=14568749 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15541455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R |title=Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9447 |pages=1801–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15541455 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15555671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P |title=Public nutrition in complex emergencies |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9448 |pages=1899–909 |year=2004 |pmid=15555671 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12288233">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greiner T |title=Maternal protein-energy malnutrition and breastfeeding |journal=SCN News |volume= |issue=11 |pages=28–30 |year=1994 |pmid=12288233 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlMaternal Nutrition and Birth Outcomes | Epidemiologic Reviews | Oxford Academic">{{cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article/32/1/5/492553/Maternal-Nutrition-and-Birth-Outcomes |title=Maternal Nutrition and Birth Outcomes | Epidemiologic Reviews | Oxford Academic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11237236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahmed T, Begum B, Badiuzzaman, Ali M, Fuchs G |title=Management of severe malnutrition and diarrhea |journal=Indian J Pediatr |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=45–51 |year=2001 |pmid=11237236 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3939698">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aaby P, Coovadia H |title=Severe measles: a reappraisal of the role of nutrition, overcrowding and virus dose |journal=Med. Hypotheses |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=93–112 |year=1985 |pmid=3939698 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlWHO | Global climate change: implications for international public health policy">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/3/06-039503/en/ |title=WHO | Global climate change: implications for international public health policy |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17204974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhutta ZA |title=Effect of infections and environmental factors on growth and nutritional status in developing countries |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=43 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=S13–21 |year=2006 |pmid=17204974 |doi=10.1097/01.mpg.0000255846.77034.ed |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Social status|Economic and social factors]]: | *[[Social status|Economic and social factors]]: | ||
**Extreme poverty prevents parents from buying [[healthy]] and [[Nutritional|nutritious]] meals for their children | **Extreme poverty prevents parents from buying [[healthy]] and [[Nutritional|nutritious]] meals for their children | ||
**Limited availability of [[food]] due to floods and earthquake | **Limited availability of [[food]] due to floods and earthquake | ||
**Reduced [[Breastfeeding|breast feeding]] and [[Weaning|poor weaning practices | **Reduced [[Breastfeeding|breast feeding]] and [[Weaning|poor weaning practices]] | ||
**Poor distribution of [[food]] to reach people in the remote areas | **Poor distribution of [[food]] to reach people in the remote areas | ||
*[[Environmental factor|Environmental factors]]: | *[[Environmental factor|Environmental factors]]: | ||
**[[Infections]] such as [[diarrhea]]. | **[[Infections]] such as [[diarrhea]]. | ||
**Scarcity of [[food]] due to floods, earthquakes and [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|poor agricultural practices | **Scarcity of [[food]] due to floods, earthquakes and [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|poor agricultural practices]] | ||
*[[Age]]: | *[[Age]]: | ||
**Increased nutritional requirements for [[growth]] | **Increased [[nutritional]] requirements for [[growth]] | ||
*[[Biological factors]]: | *[[Biological factors]]: | ||
**[[Maternal]] | **[[Maternal]] undernutrition | ||
**[[Infectious diseases]] such as [[measles]] and [[diarrhea]] | **[[Infectious diseases]] such as [[measles]] and [[diarrhea]] | ||
*Level of [[education]] and [[sanitation]] | *Level of [[education]] and [[sanitation]] | ||
*Season and [[Climate and health|climate]] conditions | *Season and [[Climate and health|climate]] conditions | ||
*Cultural and [[Religiosity|religious]] food customs | *Cultural and [[Religiosity|religious]] food customs | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 02:17, 20 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by reduced breast feeding, poor weaning practices, limited availability of food and inadequate child care in cases of extreme poverty. This classically affects several poor people in regions of poor social and economic background. Other environmental causes such as infections, drought and earthquakes leading to decreased availability of food have also been identified.
Causes
Protein energy malnutrition may be caused by:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
- Economic and social factors:
- Extreme poverty prevents parents from buying healthy and nutritious meals for their children
- Limited availability of food due to floods and earthquake
- Reduced breast feeding and poor weaning practices
- Poor distribution of food to reach people in the remote areas
- Environmental factors:
- Infections such as diarrhea.
- Scarcity of food due to floods, earthquakes and poor agricultural practices
- Age:
- Increased nutritional requirements for growth
- Biological factors:
- Maternal undernutrition
- Infectious diseases such as measles and diarrhea
- Level of education and sanitation
- Season and climate conditions
- Cultural and religious food customs
References
- ↑ Sachs JD, McArthur JW (2005). "The Millennium Project: a plan for meeting the Millennium Development Goals". Lancet. 365 (9456): 347–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17791-5. PMID 15664232.
- ↑ de Waal A, Whiteside A (2003). "New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa". Lancet. 362 (9391): 1234–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5. PMID 14568749.
- ↑ Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R (2004). "Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade". Lancet. 364 (9447): 1801–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9. PMID 15541455.
- ↑ Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P (2004). "Public nutrition in complex emergencies". Lancet. 364 (9448): 1899–909. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3. PMID 15555671.
- ↑ Greiner T (1994). "Maternal protein-energy malnutrition and breastfeeding". SCN News (11): 28–30. PMID 12288233.
- ↑ "Maternal Nutrition and Birth Outcomes | Epidemiologic Reviews | Oxford Academic".
- ↑ Ahmed T, Begum B, Badiuzzaman, Ali M, Fuchs G (2001). "Management of severe malnutrition and diarrhea". Indian J Pediatr. 68 (1): 45–51. PMID 11237236.
- ↑ Aaby P, Coovadia H (1985). "Severe measles: a reappraisal of the role of nutrition, overcrowding and virus dose". Med. Hypotheses. 18 (2): 93–112. PMID 3939698.
- ↑ "WHO | Global climate change: implications for international public health policy".
- ↑ Bhutta ZA (2006). "Effect of infections and environmental factors on growth and nutritional status in developing countries". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 43 Suppl 3: S13–21. doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000255846.77034.ed. PMID 17204974.