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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Osteoporosis]] was first discovered by John Hunter, British [[surgeon]], in 1800's. He found that [[bones]] in [[human body]] are turning over, continuously; when some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue become eroded and eliminated, the new fully functioned one being substituted. Nowadays, the process is called remodeling, the most important issue in [[osteoporosis]] [[pathophysiology]]. Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]] of 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every [[bones]]; but some people's [[bones]] from specific age and [[diseases]] may have larger holes than normal ones. He eventually named theses kinds of [[bones]] as ''[[porous]]''; thus the [[disease]] became called ''[[osteoporosis]]''.
Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]], in 1800's and he was also the first to introduce the process of remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]] during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every [[bones|bone]] but [[bones]] in people with specific age and [[diseases]], have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of [[bone]] as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''osteoporosis''.


==Osteoporosis historical Perspective==
==Historical perspective==
The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below:
{| align="center"
|-
|


{{Family tree/start}}


 
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Initial identification of bone resorption'''<br>'''Dowager's hump''' seen in Egyptian mummies<br>4000 years ago}}
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Dowager's hump in Egyptian [[Mummy baby|mummies]]'''<br>4000 years ago}}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01= '''First discovery of [[osteoporosis]]'''<br>John Hunter, British [[surgeon]]<br>1800's}}
{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01= '''[[Osteoporosis]] discovered'''<br>by: John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]]<br>in: 1800's}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Naming [[osteoporosis]]'''<br>Jean Lobstein, French [[pathologist]]<br>1830's}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Defining age-related [[bone loss]]'''<br>Astley Cooper, English [[surgeon]]<br>1830's}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Family tree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Family tree | C01 | | | | C02 |C01= '''Defining [[postmenopausal]] [[bone loss]]'''<br>Fuller Albright, American [[endocrinologist]]<br>1940's| C02= '''Treating [[postmenopausal]] [[osteoporosis]] with [[estrogen]]'''<br>Fuller Albright, American [[endocrinologist]]<br>1940's}}
{{Family tree | C01 | | | | C02 |C01= '''[[Osteoporosis]] name coined'''<br>by: Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]]<br>in: 1830's| C02= '''Age-related [[bone loss]] defined'''<br>by: Astley Cooper, an English [[surgeon]]<br>in: 1830's}}
{{Family tree | |`|-|-|v|-|-|'| | }}
{{Family tree | |`|-|-|v|-|-|'| | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Developing bone densitometers'''<br>Norman, American researcher<br>1950}}
{{Family tree | | | | d01 | | | |d01= '''[[Postmenopausal]] [[bone loss]] defined''' <br>'''&'''<br> '''[[Postmenopausal]] [[osteoporosis]] treated with [[estrogen]]'''<br>by: Fuller Albright, an American [[endocrinologist]]<br>in: 1940's}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Bone densitometers developed'''<br>by: Norman, an American researcher<br>in: 1950}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Discovering [[bisphosponates]]'''<br>Herbert Fleisch, Switzerland [[physiologist]]<br>1960's}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''[[Bisphosphonates]] discovered'''<br>by: Herbert Fleisch, a [[physiologist]] from Switzerland <br>in: 1960's}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Publicizing [[osteoporosis]]'''<br>[[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]]<br>1984}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''[[Osteoporosis]] publicized'''<br>by: [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]]<br>in: 1984}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Discovering specific [[cytokines]] that influence [[osteoclasts]] activity'''<br>1990's}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Specific [[cytokines]] that influence [[osteoclasts]] activity discovered'''<br>in: 1990's}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Using T-score to classify and define [[bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]'''<br>[[world health organization|world health organization (WHO)]]<br>1994}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''T-score used to classify and define [[bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]'''<br>by: [[world health organization|world health organization (WHO)]]<br>in: 1994}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Entering [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]] in Market'''<br>1998}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''[[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]] introduced in market'''<br>in: 1998}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Assembling expert panel for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of [[osteoporosis]]'''<br>[[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]]<br>2000}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Expert panel for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of [[osteoporosis]] assembled'''<br>by: [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]]<br>in: 2000}}


{{Family tree/end}}
{{Family tree/end}}


|}


* 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the first sign of [[osteoporosis]] known as "Dowager's hump". [[Bones]] with holes, were seen for the first time during this period. 
* John Hunter found that the [[bones]] in the [[human body]] turn over continuously. When some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue is eliminated, it is substituted by new [[tissue]]. This process later became to be known as remodeling.
* In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]], found that there are holes in every [[bones|bone]]; but [[bones]] of people of specific age and suffering from certain [[diseases]] may have bigger holes than normal. Jean Lobstein named this kind of [[bones|bone]] <nowiki/>as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''[[osteoporosis]]''.<ref name="urlHistory of Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=http://reliawire.com/history-osteoporosis/ |title=History of Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* In 1830's, the association between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The recognition of the [[pathological]] appearance of osteoporosis is attributed to the French [[pathologist]], Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref>
* In 1940's, an American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], established an association between [[osteoporosis]] and [[postmenopausal]] state. Fuller Albright started the treatment of [[menopausal]] women with [[estrogen]] in order to prevent [[bone]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH|year=1940 |month= |title= Postmenopausal osteoporosis |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. |volume=55 |pages=298-305}}</ref>
* In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]], such as bone densitometers.
* In 1960's, [[bisphosphonates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]] after they were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref>
* In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] declared [[osteoporosis]] as a significant threat to [[health]] and the possibility that [[bone loss]] may be reduced by [[estrogen]] therapy, [[calcium]] supplementation, good [[nutrition]], and [[Physical exercise|exercise]].<ref name="urlThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=https://consensus.nih.gov/1984/1984Osteoporosis043html.htm |title=The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that lead to [[bone]] breakdown.<ref name="pmid26491648">{{cite journal| author=Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R| title=The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. | journal=Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 434389 | pmid=26491648 | doi=10.1155/2015/434389 | pmc=4605147 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26491648  }} </ref>
* In 1994, [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-score for classification of various amounts of [[Bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]. The sample population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and [[race]].<ref name="pmid7941614">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group |journal=World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser |volume=843 |issue= |pages=1–129 |year=1994 |pmid=7941614 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1998, [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], were introduced in the market. [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERMs]] also help with the treatment of [[breast tumors]] and stimulate the [[growth]] of [[uterine]] cells.<ref name="raloxifen">{{cite book | last = Macor| first = John| title = Annual reports in medicinal chemistry | publisher = Elsevier/Academic Press | location = London, UK | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780123743442 }}</ref>


[[Osteoporosis]] was first discovered by John Hunter, British [[surgeon]], in 1800's. He found that [[bones]] in [[human body]] are turning over, continuously; when some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue become eroded and eliminated, the new fully functioned one being substituted. Nowadays, the process is called remodeling, the most important issue in [[osteoporosis]] [[pathophysiology]]. Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]] of 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every [[bones]]; but some people's [[bones]] from specific age and [[diseases]] may have larger holes than normal ones. He eventually named theses kinds of [[bones]] as ''[[porous]]''; thus the [[disease]] became called ''[[osteoporosis]]''.<ref name="urlHistory of Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=http://reliawire.com/history-osteoporosis/ |title=History of Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
[[Bone]] with holes, [[osteoporosis]], is seen in over 4000 years old Egyptian [[Mummy baby|mummies]]; showed the revealing sign of [[osteoporosis]] called "Dowager's hump".
Many developments have been made in the treatment and [[prevention]] of [[osteoporosis]] over the years; however, [[osteoporosis]] remains a significant challenge within the field of medicine.


The link between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk goes back to Astley Cooper; and the term "[[osteoporosis]]", recognition of its [[pathological]] appearance in the 1830's is generally attributed to the French [[pathologist]], Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref>


The American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], linked [[osteoporosis]] with the [[postmenopausal]] state. Thus, in the 1940's, he started to treat [[menopausal]] women with [[estrogen]] in order to prevent further [[bone]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH|year=1940 |month= |title= Postmenopausal osteoporosis |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. |volume=55 |pages=298-305}}</ref>
In the 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]]; such as bone densitometers.
[[Bisphosponates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, and revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]]; were discovered in the 1960s by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref>
In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] publicized this [[disease]], and brought attention to [[osteoporosis]] as a significant threat to [[health]]; with the emphasis that [[bone loss]] could be reduced by [[estrogen]] therapy, [[calcium]] supplementation, good [[nutrition]], and [[Physical exercise|exercise]].<ref name="urlThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=https://consensus.nih.gov/1984/1984Osteoporosis043html.htm |title=The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
In the 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that cause [[bone]] breakdown.<ref name="pmid26491648">{{cite journal| author=Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R| title=The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. | journal=Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 434389 | pmid=26491648 | doi=10.1155/2015/434389 | pmc=4605147 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26491648  }} </ref>
[[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], entered the market around 1998. They also have been found to treat [[breast tumors]] and to stimulate the [[growth]] of [[uterine]] cells.<ref name="raloxifen">{{cite book | last = Macor| first = John| title = Annual reports in medicinal chemistry | publisher = Elsevier/Academic Press | location = London, UK | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780123743442 }}</ref>
[[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-scores as a measure for classification and definition of various amounts of [[Bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]], in 1994. The T-score was determined as the [[standard deviation]] of the [[Bone mineral density|BMD]] for a single patient in contrast with a standard population sample. The population sample is always a young, healthy person, matched for sex and [[race]].<ref name="pmid7941614">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group |journal=World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser |volume=843 |issue= |pages=1–129 |year=1994 |pmid=7941614 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 23:28, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British surgeon, in 1800's and he was also the first to introduce the process of remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every bone but bones in people with specific age and diseases, have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.

Historical perspective

The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below:

 
 
 
Initial identification of bone resorption
Dowager's hump seen in Egyptian mummies
4000 years ago
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Osteoporosis discovered
by: John Hunter, a British surgeon
in: 1800's
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Osteoporosis name coined
by: Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist
in: 1830's
 
 
 
Age-related bone loss defined
by: Astley Cooper, an English surgeon
in: 1830's
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Postmenopausal bone loss defined
&
Postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with estrogen
by: Fuller Albright, an American endocrinologist
in: 1940's
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bone densitometers developed
by: Norman, an American researcher
in: 1950
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bisphosphonates discovered
by: Herbert Fleisch, a physiologist from Switzerland
in: 1960's
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Osteoporosis publicized
by: National Institute of Health (NIH)
in: 1984
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Specific cytokines that influence osteoclasts activity discovered
in: 1990's
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T-score used to classify and define bone mineral density (BMD)
by: world health organization (WHO)
in: 1994
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) introduced in market
in: 1998
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expert panel for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis assembled
by: National Institute of Health (NIH)
in: 2000
 
 
 


References

  1. ↑ "History of Osteoporosis".
  2. ↑ Lobstein JGCFM. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.
  3. ↑ Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH (1940). "Postmenopausal osteoporosis". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 55: 298–305.
  4. ↑ Patlak M (2001). "Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis". FASEB J. 15 (10): 1677E–E. PMID 11481214.
  5. ↑ "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis".
  6. ↑ Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R (2015). "The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis". Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015: 434389. doi:10.1155/2015/434389. PMC 4605147. PMID 26491648.
  7. ↑ "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 843: 1–129. 1994. PMID 7941614.
  8. ↑ Macor, John (2008). Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123743442.

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