Gynecomastia other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Gynecomastia is diagnosed clinically after a thorough history and physical examination.If a malignant cause is suspicious during gynecomastia work up, a biopsy from the breast tissue may be helpful to confirm or rule out [[breast cancer]] diagnosis. | |||
==Other Diagnostic Studies== | ==Other Diagnostic Studies== | ||
=== Biopsy === | === Biopsy === | ||
[[Fine-needle aspiration]] biopsy findings associated with gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509 }} </ref> | |||
* Long standing gynecomastia may show hyalinization of the [[stroma]] and [[fibrosis]] along with an increase in the number of ducts.<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509 }} </ref> | * [[proliferation]] of breast [[ducts]] | ||
* Increase in [[connective tissue]] | |||
Long standing gynecomastia may show hyalinization of the [[stroma]] and [[fibrosis]] along with an increase in the number of ducts.<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509 }} </ref> | |||
In gynecomastia, a [[biopsy]] should be done to confirm [[breast cancer]], if there are suspicious findings on [[imaging]] or [[clinical examination]].<ref name="pmid20871489">{{cite journal| author=Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, Ge Y, Heller L| title=Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review. | journal=Plast Reconstr Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 127 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-7 | pmid=20871489 | doi=10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20871489 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11309781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westenend PJ, Sever AR, Beekman-De Volder HJ, Liem SJ |title=A comparison of aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in the evaluation of breast lesions |journal=Cancer |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=146–50 |year=2001 |pmid=11309781 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8405632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Leridon H, Letessier A, Sandres M |title=Ultrasonographically guided fine needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast tumors |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=175–86 |year=1993 |pmid=8405632 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:56, 15 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
Gynecomastia is diagnosed clinically after a thorough history and physical examination.If a malignant cause is suspicious during gynecomastia work up, a biopsy from the breast tissue may be helpful to confirm or rule out breast cancer diagnosis.
Other Diagnostic Studies
Biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy findings associated with gynecomastia include:[1]
- proliferation of breast ducts
- Increase in connective tissue
Long standing gynecomastia may show hyalinization of the stroma and fibrosis along with an increase in the number of ducts.[1][1]
In gynecomastia, a biopsy should be done to confirm breast cancer, if there are suspicious findings on imaging or clinical examination.[2][3][4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B (2014). "Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 18 (2): 150–8. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.129104. PMC 3987263. PMID 24741509.
- ↑ Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, Ge Y, Heller L (2011). "Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review". Plast Reconstr Surg. 127 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c. PMID 20871489.
- ↑ Westenend PJ, Sever AR, Beekman-De Volder HJ, Liem SJ (2001). "A comparison of aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in the evaluation of breast lesions". Cancer. 93 (2): 146–50. PMID 11309781.
- ↑ Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Leridon H, Letessier A, Sandres M (1993). "Ultrasonographically guided fine needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast tumors". Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 49 (3): 175–86. PMID 8405632.