Gynecomastia risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
[[Risk factors]] in the development of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid12765">{{cite journal| author=Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG| title=Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent. | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | year= 1976 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 1300-3 | pmid=12765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12765 }} </ref><ref name="pmid907238">{{cite journal| author=Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH| title=Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 398-403 | pmid=907238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=907238 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18911010">{{cite journal| author=JACOBS EC| title=Gynecomastia following severe starvation. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1948 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 792-7 | pmid=18911010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18911010 | [[Risk factors]] in the development of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid12765">{{cite journal| author=Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG| title=Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent. | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | year= 1976 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 1300-3 | pmid=12765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12765 }} </ref><ref name="pmid907238">{{cite journal| author=Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH| title=Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 398-403 | pmid=907238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=907238 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18911010">{{cite journal| author=JACOBS EC| title=Gynecomastia following severe starvation. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1948 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 792-7 | pmid=18911010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18911010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1166483">{{cite journal| author=Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL| title=Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver. | journal=Steroids | year= 1975 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-56 | pmid=1166483 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1166483 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5658367">{{cite journal| author=Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO| title=Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1968 | volume= 69 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-72 | pmid=5658367 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5658367 }} </ref> | ||
====Common Risk Factors==== | ====Common Risk Factors==== | ||
* [[Idiopathic]] | * [[Idiopathic]] | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
** [[Spironolactone]] | ** [[Spironolactone]] | ||
** [[Cimetidine]] | ** [[Cimetidine]] | ||
** [[Human growth hormone|Recombinant | ** [[Human growth hormone|Recombinant human growth hormone]] | ||
** [[Estrogen|Estrogens]] | ** [[Estrogen|Estrogens]] | ||
** [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Human | ** [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Human chorionic gonadotropin]] | ||
** [[Androgen|Anti-androgens]] | ** [[Androgen|Anti-androgens]] | ||
** [[Gonadotrophin|Gonadotropin | ** [[Gonadotrophin|Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) agonists]] | ||
** [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency|5-alpha reductase inhibitors]] | ** [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency|5-alpha reductase inhibitors]] | ||
** [[Ketoconazole]] | ** [[Ketoconazole]] | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
* [[Testicular neoplasm|Testicular neoplasms]] | * [[Testicular neoplasm|Testicular neoplasms]] | ||
* [[Hyperthyroidism]] | * [[Hyperthyroidism]] | ||
* [[Kidney disease|Chronic | * [[Kidney disease|Chronic kidney disease]] | ||
====Less Common Risk Factors==== | ====Less Common Risk Factors==== | ||
* [[Adrenal tumor|Feminizing adrenal tumors]] | * [[Adrenal tumor|Feminizing adrenal tumors]] | ||
* [[Hcg|Ectopic hCG]] | * [[Hcg|Ectopic hCG]] excretion | ||
* [[Familial|Familial prepubertal gynecomastia]] | * [[Familial|Familial prepubertal gynecomastia]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:27, 15 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]; Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include the use of medications, cirrhosis, and hyperthyroidism. The less common risk factors include aromatase overexpression, androgen insensitivity syndrome and testosterone pathway defects.
Risk factors
Risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Common Risk Factors
Less Common Risk Factors
References
- ↑ Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG (1976). "Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent". Arzneimittelforschung. 26 (7): 1300–3. PMID 12765.
- ↑ Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH (1977). "Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia". Ann Intern Med. 87 (4): 398–403. PMID 907238.
- ↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
- ↑ Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
- ↑ JACOBS EC (1948). "Gynecomastia following severe starvation". Ann Intern Med. 28 (4): 792–7. PMID 18911010.
- ↑ Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM (1985). "Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications". Cancer. 56 (10): 2534–8. PMID 4042075.
- ↑ Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL (1975). "Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver". Steroids. 26 (1): 47–56. PMID 1166483.
- ↑ Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO (1968). "Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis". Ann Intern Med. 69 (1): 67–72. PMID 5658367.