Amenorrhea differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Amenorrhea}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Amenorrhea]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}, {{MJ}}


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== Overview ==
As amenorrhea manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. Primary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause lack of [[menstrual cycle]], such as [[Mullerian agenesis]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency|3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency]], [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]], [[Kallmann syndrome]], [[Turner syndrome]], and [[17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]]. In contrast, secondary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[menstrual cycle]] arrest, such as [[Primary ovarian failure|primary ovarian insufficiency]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hyperprolactinemia]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], and [[Asherman's syndrome]].


== Differential Diagnosis Organized by Category of Causes==  
== Differentiating Diseases with Amenorrhea from each other==
* '''Physiologic'''
As amenorrhea manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. Primary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause lack of [[menstrual cycle]], such as [[Mullerian agenesis]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency|3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency]], [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]], [[Kallmann syndrome]], [[Turner syndrome]], and [[17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]]. In contrast, secondary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[menstrual cycle]] arrest, such as [[Primary ovarian failure|primary ovarian insufficiency]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hyperprolactinemia]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], and [[Asherman's syndrome]].
*:*  [[Pregnancy]]
<div style="width: 85%;">
*:*  [[Lactation]]
<small>
*:*  [[Menopause]]
{|
* '''Hypothalamic'''
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
*:*  Structural
! rowspan="2" |Group
*:*:* [[Craniopharyngioma]]
! rowspan="2" |Diseases
*:*:* [[Lymphoma]]
! colspan="10" |Laboratory Findings
*:*:* [[Sarcoidosis]]
! colspan="4" |Physical Examination
*:*:* [[Hemochromatosis]]
! rowspan="2" |Other Findings
*:*  Functional
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
*:*:* [[Anorexia]]/[[bulimia]]
!Estrogen
*:*:* Excessive exercise/[[weight loss]]
!Progesterone
*:*:* [[Stress]]
!GnRH
* ''' Pituitary '''
!LH
*:*  Secretory tumors
!FSH
*:*:* [[Prolactinoma]]
!Androgen
*:*:* [[Cushing’s disease]]
!TSH
*:*:* [[Acromegaly]]
!T4
*:*  Destructive lesions
!PRL
*:*:* Non-functional tumors
!Karyotype
*:*:* [[Sheehan's syndrome]]
!Externl genitalia
*:*:* [[Hemochromatosis]]
!Breast development
* ''' Ovarian '''
!Pubic hair
*:*  [[Premature ovarian failure]]
!Uterus
*:*  Hyperandrogenic disorders
*:*:* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]] ([[PCOS]])
*:*:* Nonclassical [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (NCCAH)
*:*:* Adrenal/ovarian androgen-secreting tumors
* ''' Anatomic '''
*:*  Destruction of uterine cavity
*:*:* [[Asherman’s syndrome]]
*:*:* [[Tuberculosis]] ([[TB]])
*  ''' Other '''
*:*  [[Hyperthyroidism]]/[[hypothyroidism]]
*:*  [[Cushing’s syndrome]]
 
 
Diseases that cause [[primary amenorrhea]] in females:<ref name="pmid21147889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maimoun L, Philibert P, Cammas B, Audran F, Bouchard P, Fenichel P, Cartigny M, Pienkowski C, Polak M, Skordis N, Mazen I, Ocal G, Berberoglu M, Reynaud R, Baumann C, Cabrol S, Simon D, Kayemba-Kay's K, De Kerdanet M, Kurtz F, Leheup B, Heinrichs C, Tenoutasse S, Van Vliet G, Grüters A, Eunice M, Ammini AC, Hafez M, Hochberg Z, Einaudi S, Al Mawlawi H, Nuñez CJ, Servant N, Lumbroso S, Paris F, Sultan C |title=Phenotypical, biological, and molecular heterogeneity of 5α-reductase deficiency: an extensive international experience of 55 patients |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=296–307 |year=2011 |pmid=21147889 |doi=10.1210/jc.2010-1024 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2164530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moreira AC, Leal AM, Castro M |title=Characterization of adrenocorticotropin secretion in a patient with 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=86–91 |year=1990 |pmid=2164530 |doi=10.1210/jcem-71-1-86 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid999330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heremans GF, Moolenaar AJ, van Gelderen HH |title=Female phenotype in a male child due to 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=721–3 |year=1976 |pmid=999330 |pmc=1546244 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid226795">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biglieri EG |title=Mechanisms establishing the mineralocorticoid hormone patterns in the 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome |journal=J. Steroid Biochem. |volume=11 |issue=1B |pages=653–7 |year=1979 |pmid=226795 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8929268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saenger P |title=Turner's syndrome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=335 |issue=23 |pages=1749–54 |year=1996 |pmid=8929268 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199612053352307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25813279">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bastian C, Muller JB, Lortat-Jacob S, Nihoul-Fékété C, Bignon-Topalovic J, McElreavey K, Bashamboo A, Brauner R |title=Genetic mutations and somatic anomalies in association with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1297–304 |year=2015 |pmid=25813279 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4432067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imperato-McGinley J, Guerrero L, Gautier T, Peterson RE |title=Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4170 |pages=1213–5 |year=1974 |pmid=4432067 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11344932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schnitzer JJ, Donahoe PK |title=Surgical treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia |journal=Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=137–54 |year=2001 |pmid=11344932 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Disease name
! rowspan="2" | Cause
! colspan="7" | Differentiating
|-
!Findings
![[Uterus]]
![[Breast]] development
![[Testosterone]]
![[LH]]
![[FSH]]
![[Karyotyping]]
|-
|-
!3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency
| rowspan="6" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Primary amenorrhea'''
|
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Mullerian agenesis]]<ref name="pmid11023205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Folch M, Pigem I, Konje JC |title=Müllerian agenesis: etiology, diagnosis, and management |journal=Obstet Gynecol Surv |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=644–9 |year=2000 |pmid=11023205 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''
* HSD3B2  [[gene]] [[mutation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* [[Undervirilization]] in 46,XY individuals due to a block in [[testosterone]] biosynthesis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Mild [[virilization]] in 46,XX individuals
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes in [[female]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes in [[female]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Low
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
[[XY]] and [[XX]]
* [[Urinary tract malformation|Urinary tract defects]]
* Fused [[vertebrae]]
|-
|-
![[17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]]  
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency|3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* [[CYP17A1|CYP17A1 gene mutation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Female [[external genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
 
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* [[Primary amenorrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* [[Hypertension]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Absence of secondary [[sexual characteristics]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Minimal [[body hair]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Clitoromegaly]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -/+
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Low
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
* [[Hyponatremia]]
Normal
* [[Hypokalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
[[XY]]
|-
|-
![[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15237040">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Current evaluation of amenorrhea |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=266–72 |year=2004 |pmid=15237040 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.098 |url=}}</ref>'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Mutations:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
** [[SRY]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
** FOG2/ZFPM2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
** WNT1
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑↑'''
* Female [[external genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Intact [[Mullerian ducts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* [[Streak gonads]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* [[karyotyping ]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XY]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Low
* [[Undescended testes|Undescended testis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
High
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
High
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
[[XY]]
|-
|-
![[Testicular regression syndrome]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Kallmann syndrome]]<ref name="pmid7641400">{{cite journal |vauthors=Albanese A, Stanhope R |title=Investigation of delayed puberty |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=105–10 |year=1995 |pmid=7641400 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* Loss of [[testicular]] function and tissue early in development
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓↓
* Female phenotype with atrophic [[Mullerian ducts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Low
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
High
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
High
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
[[XY]]
* [[Anosmia]]/[[Hyposmia]]
|-
|-
![[LH receptor|LH receptor defects]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Turner syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15371580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sybert VP, McCauley E |title=Turner's syndrome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=351 |issue=12 |pages=1227–38 |year=2004 |pmid=15371580 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra030360 |url=}}</ref>'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓↓
* [[LH receptor]] [[gene]] [[mutation]] on [[chromosome 2]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Female [[external genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Lack a [[uterus]] and [[fallopian tubes]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* [[Epididymis]] and [[vas deferens]] may be present
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Laboratory:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
** Unresponsiveness to [[hCG]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
** Normal levels of [[testosterone]] precursors (produced in the [[adrenal glands]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Turner syndrome|45 XO]]
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Low
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
* [[Webbed neck]]
High
* Cardiac defects
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
High
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
[[XY]]
|-
|-
![[5-alpha-reductase deficiency|5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]]'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* [[Autosomal recessive]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Female [[external genitalia or ambiguous]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Bilateral testes and normal [[testosterone]] formation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
 
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* Impaired external [[virilization]] during [[embryogenesis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Defective conversion of [[testosterone]] to [[DHT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* [[Testosterone]] to [[DHT]] ratio is >10:1
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XY]]
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infantilism]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
Normal male range
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
* [[Hypertension]]
High to normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
High to normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
[[XY]]
|-
|-
![[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]] 
| rowspan="5" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Secondary amenorrhea'''
|
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Primary ovarian failure|Primary ovarian insufficiency]]<ref name="pmid19196677">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nelson LM |title=Clinical practice. Primary ovarian insufficiency |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=360 |issue=6 |pages=606–14 |year=2009 |pmid=19196677 |pmc=2762081 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0808697 |url=}}</ref>'''
* [[Androgen receptor]] defect
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓↓
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* Female [[external genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Resistant to [[testosterone]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Normal male range
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
[[XY]]
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Ischemic heart disease]]
|-
|-
![[Mullerian agenesis]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid14575026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalro BN |title=Impaired fertility caused by endocrine dysfunction in women |journal=Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=573–92 |year=2003 |pmid=14575026 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Mutations in ''[[WNT4]]''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Normal female [[genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Normal [[breast]] development
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑↑'''
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓↓
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
Normal [[female]] range
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
* [[Fatigue]]
[[XX]]
* Decreased [[Deep tendon reflex|deep tendon reflexes (DTR)]]
|-
|-
![[Ovarian insufficiency|Primary ovarian insufficiency]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hyperprolactinemia]]<ref name="pmid15024895">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pickett CA |title=Diagnosis and management of pituitary tumors: recent advances |journal=Prim. Care |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=765–89 |year=2003 |pmid=15024895 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* [[Genetic defects]] such as [[turner syndrome]], [[fragile X syndrome]], and other chromosomal defects
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
* Normal [[female genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
Normal female range
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
High
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
High
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
[[XX]]
* [[Galactorrhea]]
* [[Headaches]]
* [[Visual impairment|Visual disturbances]]
|-
|-
![[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12434783">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=ACOG practice bulletin clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 40, November 2002 |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=100 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=1045–50 |year=2002 |pmid=12434783 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓↓
* Functional, sellar masses
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓↓
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Normal [[female genitalia]],
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
 
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
* Delayed [[puberty]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''↑'''
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
No
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Normal female range
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
Low
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Normal
* [[Hirsutism]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
* [[Insulin resistance]]
[[XX]]
|-
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Asherman's syndrome]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Fritz | first = Marc | title = Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0781779685 }}</ref>'''
[[Turner syndrome]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Chromosomal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
* Female [[external genitalia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
Yes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |46 [[XX]]
Normal [[female]] range
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Nl
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
High
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
High
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: " |
* History of [[uterus]] [[surgery]]
[[Turner syndrome|45 XO]]
* [[Uterus]] scarring
|}
|}
</small>
</div>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
 
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
 
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:22, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2], Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [3]

Overview

As amenorrhea manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. Primary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause lack of menstrual cycle, such as Mullerian agenesis, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Turner syndrome, and 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. In contrast, secondary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause menstrual cycle arrest, such as primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Asherman's syndrome.

Differentiating Diseases with Amenorrhea from each other

As amenorrhea manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. Primary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause lack of menstrual cycle, such as Mullerian agenesis, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Turner syndrome, and 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. In contrast, secondary amenorrhea must be differentiated from other diseases that cause menstrual cycle arrest, such as primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Asherman's syndrome.

Group Diseases Laboratory Findings Physical Examination Other Findings
Estrogen Progesterone GnRH LH FSH Androgen TSH T4 PRL Karyotype Externl genitalia Breast development Pubic hair Uterus
Primary amenorrhea Mullerian agenesis[1] Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl 46 XX Nl + + -
3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl ↓ Nl Nl Nl 46 XX Clitoromegaly -/+ + +
Androgen insensitivity syndrome[2] Nl Nl ↓ ↑ Nl ↑↑ Nl Nl Nl 46 XY Nl + + -
Kallmann syndrome[3] ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Nl Nl Nl 46 XX Nl - - +
Turner syndrome[4] ↓↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ Nl Nl Nl Nl 45 XO Nl +/- + +
17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency ↓ Nl ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ Nl Nl Nl 46 XY Infantilism - - -
Secondary amenorrhea Primary ovarian insufficiency[5] ↓↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ Nl Nl Nl Nl 46 XX Nl + + +
Hypothyroidism[6] Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl ↑ ↑↑ ↓↓ Nl 46 XX Nl + + +
Hyperprolactinemia[7] ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Nl Nl ↑ 46 XX Nl + + +
Polycystic ovary syndrome[8] ↓↓ ↓↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Nl Nl Nl 46 XX Nl + + +
Asherman's syndrome[9] Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl 46 XX Nl + + +

References

  1. ↑ Folch M, Pigem I, Konje JC (2000). "Müllerian agenesis: etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Surv. 55 (10): 644–9. PMID 11023205.
  2. ↑ "Current evaluation of amenorrhea". Fertil. Steril. 82 (1): 266–72. 2004. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.098. PMID 15237040.
  3. ↑ Albanese A, Stanhope R (1995). "Investigation of delayed puberty". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 43 (1): 105–10. PMID 7641400.
  4. ↑ Sybert VP, McCauley E (2004). "Turner's syndrome". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (12): 1227–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMra030360. PMID 15371580.
  5. ↑ Nelson LM (2009). "Clinical practice. Primary ovarian insufficiency". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (6): 606–14. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808697. PMC 2762081. PMID 19196677.
  6. ↑ Kalro BN (2003). "Impaired fertility caused by endocrine dysfunction in women". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 32 (3): 573–92. PMID 14575026.
  7. ↑ Pickett CA (2003). "Diagnosis and management of pituitary tumors: recent advances". Prim. Care. 30 (4): 765–89. PMID 15024895.
  8. ↑ "ACOG practice bulletin clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 40, November 2002". Obstet Gynecol. 100 (5 Pt 1): 1045–50. 2002. PMID 12434783.
  9. ↑ Fritz, Marc (2011). Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781779685.

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