Group A streptococcal infection: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 06:52, 20 October 2020
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Group A streptococcal infection Microchapters |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Group A streptcocci or streptoccus pyogenes causes a wide range of diseases in many organs in the body. It is important to classify the infections caused by the bacteria in order to understand every disease separately. Classification of the group A streptococcal infections will be based on the pathogenesis of the infection and the organ infected. According to the pathogenesis of the infection, they can be classified into pyogenic, toxogenic or immunogenic infections. Based on the location, the streptococcus pyogenes affects the lungs, ear, nose, throat, blood, female genital system and the central nervous system.
The pathophysiology of the disease depends on various virulence factors. These factors include protein M, streptolysins O and S, hyalourinidase and C5a peptidase.
Classification
Group A streptococcal infections can be classified according to the pathogenesis of the infection and the organ infected. According to the pathogenesis of the infection, they can be classified into pyogenic, toxogenic or immunogenic infections. Based on the location, the streptococcus pyogenes affects the lungs, ear, nose, throat, blood, female genital system and the central nervous system.
| Group A streptococcal infections | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pathogenesis | Organ based | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pyogenic | Toxogenic | Immunogenic | Lungs | Ear, nose and throat | Bone | Blood | Female genital system | Brain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pneumonia | Osteomyelitis | Bacteremia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharyngitis (Strep throat) | Cellulitis | Impetigo | Erysipelas | Scarlet fever | Toxic shock like syndrome | Necrotizing fasciitis | Rheumatic fever | Glomerulonephritis | Sinusitis | Tonsilitis | Otitis media | Postpartum endometritis | Vaginitis | Meningitis | Brain abscess | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pathophysiology
Transmission
Group A streptococcal infection can be transmitted by the following:[1]
- Direct inoculation transmission
- Infected airborne droplets
Virulence factors
Group A streptococcus are responsible for various diseases ranging from mild to life threatening cases. The bacteria depends mainly on many virulence factors which are responsible for the pathogenesis of the infections.[1]
| Virulence factors | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|
| M protein |
|
| Streptolysin O and S |
|
| Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and C |
|
| Streptokinase |
|
| Hyalourinidase |
|
| Streptodornase |
|
| C5a peptidase |
|
| Streptococcal chemokine protease |
|
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ (2016). "Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization". FEBS Lett. 590 (21): 3739–3757. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12254. PMID 27312939.
- ↑ Starr C, Engleberg N (2006). "Role of hyaluronidase in subcutaneous spread and growth of group A streptococcus". Infect Immun. 74 (1): 40–8. PMID 16368955.
- ↑ Buchanan J, Simpson A, Aziz R, Liu G, Kristian S, Kotb M, Feramisco J, Nizet V (2006). "DNase expression allows the pathogen group A Streptococcus to escape killing in neutrophil extracellular traps". Curr Biol. 16 (4): 396–400. PMID 16488874.
- ↑ Wexler D, Chenoweth D, Cleary P (1985). "Mechanism of action of the group A streptococcal C5a inactivator". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 82 (23): 8144–8. PMID 3906656.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ji Y, McLandsborough L, Kondagunta A, Cleary P (1996). "C5a peptidase alters clearance and trafficking of group A streptococci by infected mice". Infect Immun. 64 (2): 503–10. PMID 8550199.
- ↑ Hidalgo-Grass C, Dan-Goor M, Maly A, Eran Y, Kwinn L, Nizet V, Ravins M, Jaffe J, Peyser A, Moses A, Hanski E (2004). "Effect of a bacterial pheromone peptide on host chemokine degradation in group A streptococcal necrotising soft-tissue infections". Lancet. 363 (9410): 696–703. PMID 15001327.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hidalgo-Grass C, Mishalian I, Dan-Goor M, Belotserkovsky I, Eran Y, Nizet V, Peled A, Hanski E (2006). "A streptococcal protease that degrades CXC chemokines and impairs bacterial clearance from infected tissues". EMBO J. 25 (19): 4628–37. PMID 16977314.