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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]], in 1800's | Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]], in 1800's and he was also the first to introduce the process of remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]] during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every [[bones|bone]] but [[bones]] in people with specific age and [[diseases]], have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of [[bone]] as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''osteoporosis''. | ||
==Historical perspective== | ==Historical perspective== | ||
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* 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the first sign of [[osteoporosis]] known as "Dowager's hump". | * 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the first sign of [[osteoporosis]] known as "Dowager's hump". [[Bones]] with holes, were seen for the first time during this period. | ||
* John Hunter found that the [[bones]] in the [[human body]] turn over continuously. When some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue is eliminated, it is | * John Hunter found that the [[bones]] in the [[human body]] turn over continuously. When some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue is eliminated, it is substituted by new [[tissue]]. This process later became to be known as remodeling. | ||
* In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]], found that there are holes in every [[bones|bone]]; but [[bones]] of people of specific age and suffering from certain [[diseases]] may have bigger holes than | * In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]], found that there are holes in every [[bones|bone]]; but [[bones]] of people of specific age and suffering from certain [[diseases]] may have bigger holes than normal. Jean Lobstein named this kind of [[bones|bone]] <nowiki/>as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''[[osteoporosis]]''.<ref name="urlHistory of Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=http://reliawire.com/history-osteoporosis/ |title=History of Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1830's, the association between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The | * In 1830's, the association between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The recognition of the [[pathological]] appearance of osteoporosis is attributed to the French [[pathologist]], Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref> | ||
* In 1940's, an American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], established an association between [[osteoporosis]] and [[postmenopausal]] state. Fuller Albright started | * In 1940's, an American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], established an association between [[osteoporosis]] and [[postmenopausal]] state. Fuller Albright started the treatment of [[menopausal]] women with [[estrogen]] in order to prevent [[bone]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH|year=1940 |month= |title= Postmenopausal osteoporosis |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. |volume=55 |pages=298-305}}</ref> | ||
* In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]], such as bone densitometers. | * In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]], such as bone densitometers. | ||
* In 1960's, [[bisphosphonates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]] after they were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref> | * In 1960's, [[bisphosphonates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]] after they were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] | * In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] declared [[osteoporosis]] as a significant threat to [[health]] and the possibility that [[bone loss]] may be reduced by [[estrogen]] therapy, [[calcium]] supplementation, good [[nutrition]], and [[Physical exercise|exercise]].<ref name="urlThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=https://consensus.nih.gov/1984/1984Osteoporosis043html.htm |title=The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that lead to [[bone]] breakdown.<ref name="pmid26491648">{{cite journal| author=Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R| title=The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. | journal=Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= | pages= 434389 | pmid=26491648 | doi=10.1155/2015/434389 | pmc=4605147 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26491648 }} </ref> | * In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that lead to [[bone]] breakdown.<ref name="pmid26491648">{{cite journal| author=Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R| title=The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. | journal=Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= | pages= 434389 | pmid=26491648 | doi=10.1155/2015/434389 | pmc=4605147 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26491648 }} </ref> | ||
* In 1994, [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-score for classification of various amounts of [[Bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]. The sample population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and [[race]].<ref name="pmid7941614">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group |journal=World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser |volume=843 |issue= |pages=1–129 |year=1994 |pmid=7941614 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * In 1994, [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-score for classification of various amounts of [[Bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]. The sample population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and [[race]].<ref name="pmid7941614">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group |journal=World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser |volume=843 |issue= |pages=1–129 |year=1994 |pmid=7941614 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1998, [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], were introduced in the market. | * In 1998, [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], were introduced in the market. [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERMs]] also help with the treatment of [[breast tumors]] and stimulate the [[growth]] of [[uterine]] cells.<ref name="raloxifen">{{cite book | last = Macor| first = John| title = Annual reports in medicinal chemistry | publisher = Elsevier/Academic Press | location = London, UK | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780123743442 }}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Endocrinology]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 23:28, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British surgeon, in 1800's and he was also the first to introduce the process of remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every bone but bones in people with specific age and diseases, have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.
Historical perspective
The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below:
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- 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the first sign of osteoporosis known as "Dowager's hump". Bones with holes, were seen for the first time during this period.
- John Hunter found that the bones in the human body turn over continuously. When some old or dysfunctioned bone tissue is eliminated, it is substituted by new tissue. This process later became to be known as remodeling.
- In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist, found that there are holes in every bone; but bones of people of specific age and suffering from certain diseases may have bigger holes than normal. Jean Lobstein named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.[1]
- In 1830's, the association between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The recognition of the pathological appearance of osteoporosis is attributed to the French pathologist, Lobstein.[2]
- In 1940's, an American endocrinologist, Fuller Albright from Massachusetts General Hospital, established an association between osteoporosis and postmenopausal state. Fuller Albright started the treatment of menopausal women with estrogen in order to prevent bone loss.[3]
- In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early bone loss, such as bone densitometers.
- In 1960's, bisphosphonates which inhibit bone resorption, revolutionized the treatment of osteoporosis after they were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.[4]
- In 1984, the National Institute of Health (NIH) declared osteoporosis as a significant threat to health and the possibility that bone loss may be reduced by estrogen therapy, calcium supplementation, good nutrition, and exercise.[5]
- In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific cytokines which influence the activity of osteoclasts, the components that lead to bone breakdown.[6]
- In 1994, World Health Organization (WHO) first used T-score for classification of various amounts of bone mineral density (BMD). The sample population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and race.[7]
- In 1998, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene, were introduced in the market. SERMs also help with the treatment of breast tumors and stimulate the growth of uterine cells.[8]
References
- ↑ "History of Osteoporosis".
- ↑ Lobstein JGCFM. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.
- ↑ Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH (1940). "Postmenopausal osteoporosis". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 55: 298–305.
- ↑ Patlak M (2001). "Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis". FASEB J. 15 (10): 1677E–E. PMID 11481214.
- ↑ "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis".
- ↑ Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R (2015). "The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis". Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015: 434389. doi:10.1155/2015/434389. PMC 4605147. PMID 26491648.
- ↑ "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 843: 1–129. 1994. PMID 7941614.
- ↑ Macor, John (2008). Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123743442.