Silent thyroiditis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Silent_thyroiditis]] | |||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MMF}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MMF}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Silent thyroiditis]] must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyroiditis]], such as [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Riedel's thyroiditis]], and suppurative thyroiditis. Silent thyroiditis must also be differentiated from other diseases which cause [[hypothyroidism]]. As silent thyroiditis may cause transient thyrotoxic symptoms, the diseases causing [[thyrotoxicosis]] must also be considered in the differential diagnosis. | [[Silent thyroiditis]] must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyroiditis]], such as [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Riedel's thyroiditis]], and suppurative thyroiditis. Silent thyroiditis must also be differentiated from other diseases which cause [[hypothyroidism]]. As silent thyroiditis may cause transient [[Thyrotoxicosis|thyrotoxic]] symptoms, the diseases causing [[thyrotoxicosis]] must also be considered in the differential diagnosis. | ||
==Differentiating Silent Thyroiditis from other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Silent Thyroiditis from other Diseases== | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | ||
*[[Thyroid function tests|Increased TSH]] ([[hypothyroidism]]) and/or | *[[Thyroid function tests|Increased TSH]] ([[hypothyroidism]]) and/or | ||
* [[Thyroid function tests|Decreased TSH]] (transient hypothyroidism) | * [[Thyroid function tests|Decreased TSH]] (transient [[hypothyroidism]]) | ||
*[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO antibodies]] present in high titer | *[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO antibodies]] present in high titer | ||
*[[I-123 thyroid imaging|I-123]] uptake usually decreased | *[[I-123 thyroid imaging|I-123]] uptake usually decreased | ||
Line 183: | Line 183: | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Usually present | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Usually present | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*[[Riedel's thyroiditis]] usually presents with hard and fixed thyroid mass. | *[[Riedel's thyroiditis]] usually presents with hard and fixed [[thyroid]] mass. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infectious thyroiditis]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infectious thyroiditis]] | ||
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| rowspan="5" align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan="5" align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
* History of [[hyperthyroidism]] | * History of [[hyperthyroidism]] | ||
* History of trauma | * History of [[trauma]] | ||
*History of drug use, surgery, or radiation | *History of drug use, [[surgery]], or [[radiation]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Radiation-induced | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Radiation-induced | ||
Line 221: | Line 221: | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Radioiodine induced | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Radioiodine induced | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Thyroidectomy | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Thyroidectomy]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Subclinical hypothyroidism | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Subclinical hypothyroidism | ||
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===Differentiating silent thyroiditis from other causes of thyrotoxicosis=== | ===Differentiating silent thyroiditis from other causes of thyrotoxicosis=== | ||
*Silent thyroiditis can initially present with thyrotoxicosis which must be differentiated from other causes of thyrotoxicosis.<ref name="pmid16734054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bindra A, Braunstein GD |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–76 |year=2006 |pmid=16734054 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19949140">{{cite journal |vauthors=McDermott MT |title=In the clinic. Hypothyroidism |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=ITC61 |year=2009 |pmid=19949140 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-01006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlThyroiditis — NEJM">{{cite web |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra021194 |title=Thyroiditis — NEJM |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18177256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR |title=Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002) |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=1211–23 |year=2007 |pmid=18177256 |doi=10.1089/thy.2006.0235 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18415684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lania A, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P |title=Central hypothyroidism |journal=Pituitary |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18415684 |doi=10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905413">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Stockigt J |title=Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=25905413 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlClinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindawi.com/archive/2013/717584/ |title=Clinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25146390">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaidya B, Pearce SH |title=Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue= |pages=g5128 |year=2014 |pmid=25146390 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlThink thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5128/rr/763450 |title=Think thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | *Silent thyroiditis can initially present with [[thyrotoxicosis]] which must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyrotoxicosis]].<ref name="pmid16734054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bindra A, Braunstein GD |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–76 |year=2006 |pmid=16734054 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19949140">{{cite journal |vauthors=McDermott MT |title=In the clinic. Hypothyroidism |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=ITC61 |year=2009 |pmid=19949140 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-01006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlThyroiditis — NEJM">{{cite web |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra021194 |title=Thyroiditis — NEJM |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18177256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR |title=Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002) |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=1211–23 |year=2007 |pmid=18177256 |doi=10.1089/thy.2006.0235 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18415684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lania A, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P |title=Central hypothyroidism |journal=Pituitary |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18415684 |doi=10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905413">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Stockigt J |title=Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=25905413 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlClinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindawi.com/archive/2013/717584/ |title=Clinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25146390">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaidya B, Pearce SH |title=Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue= |pages=g5128 |year=2014 |pmid=25146390 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlThink thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5128/rr/763450 |title=Think thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" | {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Disease | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Disease | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
* Patient may have opthalmopathy and dermopathy | * Patient may have [[Grave's opthalmopathy|opthalmopathy]] and [[dermopathy]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Toxic thyroid nodule]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Toxic thyroid nodule]] | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑(hot nodule) | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑(hot [[Thyroid nodule|nodule]]) | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/'''↑''' | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/'''↑''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
Line 356: | Line 356: | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*Inappropriately normal or increased TSH | *Inappropriately normal or increased [[TSH]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="1" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Tertiary hyperthyroidism]] | | rowspan="1" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperthyroidism|Tertiary hyperthyroidism]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperthyroidism|Tertiary hyperthyroidism]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperthyroidism|Tertiary hyperthyroidism]] | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*Inappropriately normal or increased TSH | *Inappropriately normal or increased [[TSH]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Drug induced | | rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Drug induced | ||
Line 386: | Line 386: | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*High urinary iodine | *High urinary [[iodine]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Amiodarone|Amiodarone type 2]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Amiodarone|Amiodarone type 2]] | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*High urinary iodine | *High urinary [[iodine]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Others | | rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Others | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Factitious thyrotoxicosis]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Thyrotoxicosis factitia|Factitious thyrotoxicosis]] | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*Decreased thyroglobulin | *Decreased [[thyroglobulin]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Trophoblastic disease]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Trophoblastic disease]] | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | {{WikiDoc Sources}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 00:11, 30 July 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Furqan M M. M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Silent thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Silent thyroiditis must also be differentiated from other diseases which cause hypothyroidism. As silent thyroiditis may cause transient thyrotoxic symptoms, the diseases causing thyrotoxicosis must also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Differentiating Silent Thyroiditis from other Diseases
Differentiating silent thyroiditis from other causes of thyroiditis
- Silent thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis.[1]
Conditions | Causes | Age at onset | Pathological findings | Diagnostic approach |
---|---|---|---|---|
Silent thyroiditis |
|
|
| |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis |
|
|
| |
Painful subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis |
|
|
|
|
Postpartum thyroiditis |
|
|
| |
Riedel's thyroiditis |
|
|
|
|
Suppurative thyroiditis |
|
|
|
Differentiating silent thyroiditis from other causes of hypothyroidism
- Silent thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of hypothyroidism on the basis of history and symptoms and laboratory findings:[2][3][1][4][5][6]
Disease | History and symptoms | Laboratory findings | Additional findings | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | Pain | TSH | Free T4 | T3 | T3RU† | Thyroglobin | TRH | TPOAb^ | |||
Transient hypothyroidism | Silent thyroiditis | - | - | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal | Present (high titer) |
|
Postpartum thyroiditis | +/- | +/- | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | Present (high titer) |
| |
Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis | +/- | +/- | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal | Low/absent |
| |
Primary hypothyroidism | Autoimmune (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) | - | - | ↑* | ↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Present (high titer) |
|
Riedel's thyroiditis | - | - | Normal/↑ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal | Normal | Usually present |
| |
Infectious thyroiditis | + | + | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Absent |
| |
Others | Drug-induced | - | - | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent** |
|
Radiation-induced | |||||||||||
Trauma induced | |||||||||||
Radioiodine induced | |||||||||||
Thyroidectomy | |||||||||||
Subclinical hypothyroidism | - | - | ↑ | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal/↑ |
|
Differentiating silent thyroiditis from other causes of thyrotoxicosis
- Silent thyroiditis can initially present with thyrotoxicosis which must be differentiated from other causes of thyrotoxicosis.[2][3][1][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Disease | History and symptoms | Laboratory findings | Additional findings | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | Pain | TSH | Free T4 | T3 | T3RU† | Thyroglobin | TRH | TSH Receptor Antibody | TPOAb^ | |||
Thyroiditis | Silent thyroiditis | - | - | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal | Absent | Present (high titer) |
|
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Hashitoxicosis) | - | - | ↑* | ↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent | Present (high titer) |
| |
Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis | +/- | +/- | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal | Absent | Low/absent |
| |
Postpartum thyroiditis | +/- | +/- | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | Absent | Present (high titer) |
| |
Primary hyperthyroidism | Grave's disease | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Normal | Present | Absent |
|
Toxic thyroid nodule | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↑(hot nodule) | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent | Absent |
- | |
Secondary hyperthyroidism | Pituitary adenoma | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent | Absent |
|
Tertiary hyperthyroidism | Tertiary hyperthyroidism | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↑ | Absent | Absent |
|
Drug induced | Amiodarone type 1 | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent | Absent |
|
Amiodarone type 2 | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | Absent/↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent | Absent |
| |
Others | Factitious thyrotoxicosis | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↓ | ↓ | Normal | Absent | Absent |
|
Trophoblastic disease | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↑ | - | Normal | Absent | Absent |
- | |
Struma ovarii | - | - | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | ↓ | - | Normal | Absent | Absent |
- |
(†)T3RU; Triiodothyronine Resin uptake. (^)TPOAb; Thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Thyroiditis — NEJM".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bindra A, Braunstein GD (2006). "Thyroiditis". Am Fam Physician. 73 (10): 1769–76. PMID 16734054.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McDermott MT (2009). "In the clinic. Hypothyroidism". Ann. Intern. Med. 151 (11): ITC61. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-01006. PMID 19949140.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR (2007). "Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002)". Thyroid. 17 (12): 1211–23. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0235. PMID 18177256.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lania A, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P (2008). "Central hypothyroidism". Pituitary. 11 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6. PMID 18415684.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Stockigt J. "Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function". PMID 25905413.
- ↑ "Clinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii".
- ↑ Vaidya B, Pearce SH (2014). "Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis". BMJ. 349: g5128. PMID 25146390.
- ↑ "Think thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ".