Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop [[Psychological stress|psychosocial stresses]] and rarely [[breast cancer]]. The majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia is self-limited. [[Pathological]] gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and responds well to treatment. [[Pharmacological]] | If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop [[Psychological stress|psychosocial stresses]] and rarely [[breast cancer]]. The majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia is self-limited. [[Pathological]] gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and responds well to treatment. [[Pharmacological]] [[gynecomastia]] responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent. | ||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
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===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
* The signs and symptoms of [[gynecomastia]] typically develop in [[neonatal]], [[pubertal]] age or in the [[elderly]].<ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2137877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA |title=Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=450–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2137877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24872741">{{cite journal| author=Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P| title=Gynecomastia in adolescent males. | journal=Semin Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-61 | pmid=24872741 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1347166 | pmc=3706045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872741 }} </ref> | * The signs and symptoms of [[gynecomastia]] typically develop in [[neonatal]], [[pubertal]] age or in the [[elderly]].<ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2137877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA |title=Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=450–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2137877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24872741">{{cite journal| author=Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P| title=Gynecomastia in adolescent males. | journal=Semin Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-61 | pmid=24872741 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1347166 | pmc=3706045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872741 }} </ref> | ||
* Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of [[breast cancer]], however, the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolves in months to years | * Without treatment [[gynecomastia]] has some associated risk of [[breast cancer]], however, the majority of [[physiological]] [[gynecomastia]] resolves in months to years. | ||
===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
Complications of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmidorg/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26408934">{{cite journal| author=Ordaz DL, Thompson JK| title=Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. | journal=Body Image | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 141-8 | pmid=26408934 | doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26408934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26151806">{{cite journal| author=Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R| title=A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. | journal=J Adolesc | year= 2015 | volume= 43 | issue= | pages= 206-12 | pmid=26151806 | doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26151806 }} </ref> | Complications of [[gynecomastia]] include:<ref name="pmidorg/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26408934">{{cite journal| author=Ordaz DL, Thompson JK| title=Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. | journal=Body Image | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 141-8 | pmid=26408934 | doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26408934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26151806">{{cite journal| author=Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R| title=A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. | journal=J Adolesc | year= 2015 | volume= 43 | issue= | pages= 206-12 | pmid=26151806 | doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26151806 }} </ref> | ||
* Persistent [[pubertal]] gynecomastia | * Persistent [[pubertal]] gynecomastia | ||
*[[Breast cancer]] | *[[Breast cancer]] | ||
*[[Psychological stress]] like [[depression]] | *[[Psychological stress]] like: | ||
**[[depression]] | |||
**Reduced [[self-esteem]] | |||
**Body dissatisfaction | |||
===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
Gynecomastia prognosis is good overall:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.annalsplasticsurgery.com/pt/re/annps/abstract.00000637-200408000-00001.htm;jsessionid=F9bRttLWlcgHnBWVVgG3xcHwF1KbpJTPbgyLjKvQJXG977J7s1pP!1570379021!-949856144!8091!-1 | title = ''Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis'' | author = Wiesman, IM. et al.}}</ref><ref name="pmid21712702">{{cite journal| author=Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG| title=Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes. | journal=Ann Plast Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 | pages= 510-5 | pmid=21712702 | doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21712702 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28451801">{{cite journal| author=Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH| title=The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia. | journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg | year= 2017 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28451801 | doi=10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28451801 }} </ref> | |||
* Physiological gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolve spontaneously. | |||
* Pathological gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause. | |||
* [[Pharmacological]] gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent. | |||
* Persistent gynecomastia can cause [[psychological stress]] and increases the risk of [[breast cancer]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 23:29, 15 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop psychosocial stresses and rarely breast cancer. The majority of physiological gynecomastia is self-limited. Pathological gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and responds well to treatment. Pharmacological gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The signs and symptoms of gynecomastia typically develop in neonatal, pubertal age or in the elderly.[1][2][3]
- Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of breast cancer, however, the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolves in months to years.
Complications
Complications of gynecomastia include:[4][5][6]
- Persistent pubertal gynecomastia
- Breast cancer
- Psychological stress like:
- depression
- Reduced self-esteem
- Body dissatisfaction
Prognosis
Gynecomastia prognosis is good overall:[7][8][9]
- Physiological gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolve spontaneously.
- Pathological gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause.
- Pharmacological gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.
- Persistent gynecomastia can cause psychological stress and increases the risk of breast cancer.
References
- ↑ Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
- ↑ Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA (1990). "Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia". J. Pediatr. 116 (3): 450–5. PMID 2137877.
- ↑ Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P (2013). "Gynecomastia in adolescent males". Semin Plast Surg. 27 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347166. PMC 3706045. PMID 24872741.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ordaz DL, Thompson JK (2015). "Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature". Body Image. 15: 141–8. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004. PMID 26408934.
- ↑ Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R (2015). "A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men". J Adolesc. 43: 206–12. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007. PMID 26151806.
- ↑ Wiesman, IM.; et al. "Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis".
- ↑ Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG (2012). "Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes". Ann Plast Surg. 69 (5): 510–5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d. PMID 21712702.
- ↑ Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH (2017). "The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia". Aesthetic Plast Surg. doi:10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z. PMID 28451801.