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| __NOTOC__
| | Pulmonary edema is broadly classified into 2 categories: |
| | *Cardiogenic edema |
| | *Non cardiogenic edema . |
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| | | {{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKK}}
| | {{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=A01}} |
| {|
| | {{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }} |
| Obtaining the history is the most important aspect of making a [[diagnosis]] of upper [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] [[bleed]]. It provides insight into the [[Causality|cause]], precipitating factors and associated [[comorbid]] conditions and also helps in determining the severity of the [[bleed]] as well as in identifying the [[potential]] source of [[bleed]]. Patients may be [[Disorientation|disoriented]], therefore, the patient interview may be difficult. In such cases, history from the care givers or the family members may need to be obtained. <ref name="pmid25400991">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim BS, Li BT, Engel A, Samra JS, Clarke S, Norton ID, Li AE |title=Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: A practical guide for clinicians |journal=World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=467–78 |year=2014 |pmid=25400991 |pmc=4231512 |doi=10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.467 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23547576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bull-Henry K, Al-Kawas FH |title=Evaluation of occult gastrointestinal bleeding |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=430–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23547576 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| | {{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=B01|B02=B02}} |
| ===Past Medical History===
| | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | }} |
| *A history of [[epigastric pain]], [[dyspepsia]], or prior [[peptic ulcer]] may suggest the [[Diagnosis-related group|diagnosis]] of [[peptic ulcer disease]].<ref name="LaineSolomon2016">{{cite journal|last1=Laine|first1=Loren|last2=Solomon|first2=Caren G.|title=Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to a Peptic Ulcer|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=374|issue=24|year=2016|pages=2367–2376|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1514257}}</ref>
| | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | }} |
| *A history of documented prior upper [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] [[bleeding]] is important because approximately 60% of upper [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] bleeders are rebleeding from the same site.
| | {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | }} |
| *A history of [[pancreatitis]] suggests possible [[hemorrhage]] from a [[pancreatic pseudocyst]]. Erosion of a [[pancreatic pseudocyst]] into the [[duodenum]] or [[stomach]] may cause massive [[hematemesis]], and the patient may present in [[shock]].<ref name="pmid16955152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stermer E, Elias N, Keren D, Rainis T, Goldstein O, Lavy A |title=Acute pancreatitis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding as presenting symptoms of duodenal Brunner's gland hamartoma |journal=Can. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=541–2 |year=2006 |pmid=16955152 |pmc=2659938 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26591952">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rana SS, Sharma V, Bhasin DK, Sharma R, Gupta R, Chhabra P, Kang M |title=Gastrointestinal bleeding in acute pancreatitis: etiology, clinical features, risk factors and outcome |journal=Trop Gastroenterol |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=2015 |pmid=26591952 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18376304">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma PK, Madan K, Garg PK |title=Hemorrhage in acute pancreatitis: should gastrointestinal bleeding be considered an organ failure? |journal=Pancreas |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=141–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18376304 |doi=10.1097/MPA.0b013e318158466e |url=}}</ref>
| | {{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | }} |
| *Patients with [[renal failure]] frequently have [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] [[bleeding]]. This bleeding is often due to [[peptic ulcer disease]] or [[angiodysplasia]]. This [[bleeding]] may be severe because of [[clotting]] [[dysfunction]] associated with [[renal disease]].<ref name="pmid8931412">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chalasani N, Cotsonis G, Wilcox CM |title=Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure: role of vascular ectasia |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=2329–32 |year=1996 |pmid=8931412 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3872616">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zuckerman GR, Cornette GL, Clouse RE, Harter HR |title=Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=102 |issue=5 |pages=588–92 |year=1985 |pmid=3872616 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| | {{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | D04 | | D05 |D01=D01|D02=D02|D03=D03|D04=D04|D05=D05}} |
| | | {{familytree/end}} |
| ===Medication History===
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| *Prior use of [[aspirin]] or [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs) is important because these patients have an increased risk of [[gastric ulcer]] and a fourfold risk of significant [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] [[bleeding]] compared with other patients.<ref name="pmid5303551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goulston K, Cooke AR |title=Alcohol, aspirin, and gastrointestinal bleeding |journal=Br Med J |volume=4 |issue=5632 |pages=664–5 |year=1968 |pmid=5303551 |pmc=1912769 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Social History===
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| *A history of [[alcoholism]] increases the likelihood of [[cirrhosis]] and consequently of [[bleeding]] from [[esophageal varices]] or congestive gastropathy but alcoholics also frequently have [[peptic ulcers]] or [[gastritis]].<ref name="pmid2226291">{{cite journal |vauthors=MacMath TL |title=Alcohol and gastrointestinal bleeding |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=859–72 |year=1990 |pmid=2226291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5303551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goulston K, Cooke AR |title=Alcohol, aspirin, and gastrointestinal bleeding |journal=Br Med J |volume=4 |issue=5632 |pages=664–5 |year=1968 |pmid=5303551 |pmc=1912769 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *[[Cigarette smoke|Cigarette smokers]] have a significantly higher rate of the recurrent [[duodenal ulcer]] as compared with nonsmokers and a history of [[cigarette smoking]] should be elicited.
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| *[[Vomiting]], [[coughing]], or [[retching]] before [[bleeding]] is suggestive of a [[Mallory-Weiss tear]].<ref name="pmid28839832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jafar W, Jafar AJN, Sharma A |title=Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: an update |journal=Frontline Gastroenterol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=32–40 |year=2016 |pmid=28839832 |pmc=5369541 |doi=10.1136/flgastro-2014-100492 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17942452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Palmer K |title=Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage |journal=Br. Med. Bull. |volume=83 |issue= |pages=307–24 |year=2007 |pmid=17942452 |doi=10.1093/bmb/ldm023 |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Past Surgical History===
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| *Patients with prior [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] repair may present with severe GI [[hemorrhage]] from an aortoenteric. This [[fistula]] often presents with a herald bleed followed within 4 to 96 hours by [[massive bleeding]].<ref name="pmid25136194">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adarsh CK, Kiran R, Mallikarjun |title=An unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleed |journal=Indian J Crit Care Med |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=533–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25136194 |pmc=4134629 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.138160 |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Family History===
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| *A personal or [[family history]] of recurrent [[epistaxis]] may suggest the [[diagnosis]] of [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]] ([[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]), and a careful examination for skin [[telangiectasias]] should be performed. <ref name="pmid28070235">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ou G, Galorport C, Enns R |title=Bevacizumab and gastrointestinal bleeding in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia |journal=World J Gastrointest Surg |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=792–795 |year=2016 |pmid=28070235 |pmc=5183923 |doi=10.4240/wjgs.v8.i12.792 |url=}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| * References should be cited for the material that you have put on your page. Type in <nowiki>{{reflist|2}}</nowiki>.This will generate your references in small font, in two columns, with links to the original article and abstract.
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| * For information on how to add references into your page, click [[Help:Adding References to Articles|here]].
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| <references />
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