Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(38 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Portal vein thrombosis}}
{{Portal vein thrombosis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{F.K}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
Medical therapy for portal vein thrombosis include [[anticoagulation]] to maintain [[INR]] between 2 to 3. The goal of anticoagulation is to prevent extension of the clot and to allow for recanalization so that intestinal infarction and portal hypertension do not develop.
 
OR
 
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
 
OR
 
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
 
OR
 
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
 
OR
 
The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
 
OR
 
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
 
OR
 
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
 
OR
 
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
*Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
Pharmacologic therapy is recommended among patients with portal vein thrombosis without [[cirrhosis]].<ref name="pmid20066733">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ponziani FR, Zocco MA, Campanale C, Rinninella E, Tortora A, Di Maurizio L, Bombardieri G, De Cristofaro R, De Gaetano AM, Landolfi R, Gasbarrini A |title=Portal vein thrombosis: insight into physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=143–55 |year=2010 |pmid=20066733 |pmc=2806552 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="ParikhShah2010">{{cite journal|last1=Parikh|first1=Sameer|last2=Shah|first2=Riddhi|last3=Kapoor|first3=Prashant|title=Portal Vein Thrombosis|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=123|issue=2|year=2010|pages=111–119|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.023}}</ref><ref name="pmid25941431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chawla YK, Bodh V |title=Portal vein thrombosis |journal=J Clin Exp Hepatol |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=22–40 |year=2015 |pmid=25941431 |pmc=4415192 |doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008 |url=}}</ref>
*Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
*The following factors should be considered with treartment of portal vein thrombosis:<ref name="pmid11159889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Condat B, Pessione F, Hillaire S, Denninger MH, Guillin MC, Poliquin M, Hadengue A, Erlinger S, Valla D |title=Current outcome of portal vein thrombosis in adults: risk and benefit of anticoagulant therapy |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=490–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11159889 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21882035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall TC, Garcea G, Metcalfe M, Bilku D, Dennison AR |title=Management of acute non-cirrhotic and non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review |journal=World J Surg |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=2510–20 |year=2011 |pmid=21882035 |doi=10.1007/s00268-011-1198-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19730112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Menchise A, Martino R, Scaglione M, Giovine S, Romano L, Balzano A |title=Safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy with low molecular weight heparin for portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=448–51 |year=2010 |pmid=19730112 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b3ab44 |url=}}</ref>
*Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
**Correction of the causal factors
*Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
**Prevention of thrombosis extension
===Disease Name===
**Achievement of portal vein patency
**Management of complications related to [[portal hypertension]]
**Management of complications related to portal cholangiopathy<ref name="pmid19399912">{{cite journal |vauthors=DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G |title=Vascular disorders of the liver |journal=Hepatology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1729–64 |year=2009 |pmid=19399912 |doi=10.1002/hep.22772 |url=}}</ref>
*:'''NOTE (1):'''Initiate anticougulation with heparin for 3-4 weeks then start oral vitamin K antagonist(e.g. [[warfarin]]) to maintain [[INR]] between 2 to 3.
*:'''NOTE (2):''' Biliary abnormalities due to portal vein thrombosis are observed to be reversed after anti-coagulopathy therapy.
*:'''NOTE (3):''' It is performed to initiate [[anticoagulation]] therapy early in course of disease.
*:*Improves recanalization rates
*:*Minimizes serious complication like peritonitis due to bowel necrosis
*:*Decrease development of esophageal [[varices]] and complications associated with [[varices]]
===Portal vein thrombosis===


* '''1 Stage 1 - Name of stage'''
* '''1. Portal vein thrombosis with cirrhosis'''
** 1.1 '''Specific Organ system involved 1'''
**'''NOTE:''' Chronic [[anticoagulation]] is generally not recommended
*** 1.1.1 '''Adult'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 10-21 days '''(Contraindications/specific instructions)''' 
**** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14-21 days
**** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg q12h for 14-21 days
**** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days 
**** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
**** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 1.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** 1.1.2.1 (Specific population e.g. '''children < 8 years of age''')
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg PO per day q8h (maximum, 500 mg per dose) 
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg PO per day in 2 divided doses (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]]10 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
****1.1.2.2 (Specific population e.g. ''''''children < 8 years of age'''''')
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h（maximum, 100 mg per dose）
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (maximum, 500 mg per dose) 
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
** 1.2 '''Specific Organ system involved 2'''
*** 1.2.1 '''Adult'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h
*** 1.2.2  '''Pediatric'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)


* 2 '''Stage 2 - Name of stage'''
*'''2. Portal vein thrombosis without cirrhosis'''
** 2.1 '''Specific Organ system involved 1 '''
**'''2.1 Chronic portal vein thrombosis'''
**: '''Note (1):'''
***2.1.1 Chronic portal vein thrombosis with [[hypercoagulable state]] or previous history of [[vascular disease]]
**: '''Note (2)''':
****2.1.1.1 Long term anticoaugulation
**: '''Note (3):'''  
*****Preferred regimen: Warfarin 2-5 mg PO q24h
*** 2.1.1 '''Adult'''
****2.1.1.2 [[Esophageal varices #Treatment|Treatment of esophageal varices]]
**** Parenteral regimen
***2.1.2. Chronic portal vein thrombosis without [[hypercoagulable state]] or previous history of [[vascular disease]]
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
**'''NOTE:''' Chronic anticoagulation is generally not recommended
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***2.1.2.1 [[Esophageal varices #Treatment|Treatment of esophageal varices]]
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days
**'''2.2 Acute portal vein thrombosis'''
**** Oral regimen
***2.1 Anticoagulant therapy
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days
****2.1.1 Acute portal vein thrombosis with [[hypercoagulable state]]
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
*****Preferred regimen: [[Warfarin]] 2-5 mg PO q24h for long term
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
****2.2.2 Acute portal vein thrombosis without [[hypercoagulable state]]
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days 
*****Preferred regimen: [[Warfarin]] 2-5 mg PO q24h for 3-6 months
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
***2.2 Thrombolytic therapy
***** Alternative regimen (3):[[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
***:* Preferred regimen: [[recombinant tissue plasminogen activator|Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (RTPA)]]<ref name="pmid14681650">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henao EA, Bohannon WT, Silva MB |title=Treatment of portal venous thrombosis with selective superior mesenteric artery infusion of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator |journal=J. Vasc. Surg. |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1411–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14681650 |doi=10.1016/S0741 |url=}}</ref>
*** 2.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
***:*Alternate regimen(1): [[Urokinase]]<ref name="pmid11851847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tateishi A, Mitsui H, Oki T, Morishita J, Maekawa H, Yahagi N, Maruyama T, Ichinose M, Ohnishi S, Shiratori Y, Minami M, Koutetsu S, Hori N, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Omata M |title=Extensive mesenteric vein and portal vein thrombosis successfully treated by thrombolysis and anticoagulation |journal=J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1429–33 |year=2001 |pmid=11851847 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**** Parenteral regimen
***:*Alternate regimen(2): [[Streptokinase]]<ref name="pmid11851847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tateishi A, Mitsui H, Oki T, Morishita J, Maekawa H, Yahagi N, Maruyama T, Ichinose M, Ohnishi S, Shiratori Y, Minami M, Koutetsu S, Hori N, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Omata M |title=Extensive mesenteric vein and portal vein thrombosis successfully treated by thrombolysis and anticoagulation |journal=J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1429–33 |year=2001 |pmid=11851847 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 2 g)
**: '''NOTE:''' Administration of [[thrombolytic therapy]] in acute portal vein thrombosis<ref name="pmid12422118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopera JE, Correa G, Brazzini A, Ustunsoz B, Patel S, Janchai A, Castaneda-Zuniga W |title=Percutaneous transhepatic treatment of symptomatic mesenteric venous thrombosis |journal=J. Vasc. Surg. |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1058–61 |year=2002 |pmid=12422118 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11522414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aytekin C, Boyvat F, Kurt A, Yologlu Z, Coskun M |title=Catheter-directed thrombolysis with transjugular access in portal vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=80–2 |year=2001 |pmid=11522414 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15872320">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, Weeks SM, Dixon RG, Jaques PF |title=Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis |journal=J Vasc Interv Radiol |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=651–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15872320 |doi=10.1097/01.RVI.0000156265.79960.86 |url=}}</ref>
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 6 g per day)
**:*Indirect intraarterial infusion into the [[superior mesenteric artery]]
***** Alternative regimen (2):  [[drug name]] 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 18–24 million U per day) ''''''(Contraindications/specific instructions)''''''
**:*Directly intoducing catheter into portal vein<ref name="pmid11057461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schäfer C, Zundler J, Bode JC |title=Thrombolytic therapy in patients with portal vein thrombosis: case report and review of the literature |journal=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1141–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11057461 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11948303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kercher KW, Sing RF, Watson KW, Matthews BD, LeQuire MH, Heniford BT |title=Transhepatic thrombolysis in acute portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic splenectomy |journal=Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=131–6 |year=2002 |pmid=11948303 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14681650">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henao EA, Bohannon WT, Silva MB |title=Treatment of portal venous thrombosis with selective superior mesenteric artery infusion of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator |journal=J. Vasc. Surg. |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1411–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14681650 |doi=10.1016/S0741 |url=}}</ref>
**** Oral regimen
**:**Transhepatic
***** Preferred regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
**:**Transjugular
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] '''(for children aged ≥ 8 years)''' 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h 7–10 days  (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 14–21 days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h for 14–21 days  (maximum,500 mg per dose)
** 2.2  '<nowiki/>'''''Other Organ system involved 2''''''
**: '''Note (1):'''
**: '''Note (2)''':
**: '''Note (3):'''
*** 2.2.1 '''Adult'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days 
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
***** Alternative regimen (3):[[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 2.2.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 2 g)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 6 g per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2):  [[drug name]] 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 18–24 million U per day)
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h 7–10 days  (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 14–21 days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h for 14–21 days  (maximum,500 mg per dose)


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:43, 29 December 2017

Portal vein thrombosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Portal vein thrombosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy

CDC on Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy

Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy in the news

Blogs on Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy

Directions to Hospitals Treating Portal vein thrombosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]

Overview

Medical therapy for portal vein thrombosis include anticoagulation to maintain INR between 2 to 3. The goal of anticoagulation is to prevent extension of the clot and to allow for recanalization so that intestinal infarction and portal hypertension do not develop.

Medical Therapy

Pharmacologic therapy is recommended among patients with portal vein thrombosis without cirrhosis.[1][2][3]

  • The following factors should be considered with treartment of portal vein thrombosis:[4][5][6]
    • Correction of the causal factors
    • Prevention of thrombosis extension
    • Achievement of portal vein patency
    • Management of complications related to portal hypertension
    • Management of complications related to portal cholangiopathy[7]
    NOTE (1):Initiate anticougulation with heparin for 3-4 weeks then start oral vitamin K antagonist(e.g. warfarin) to maintain INR between 2 to 3.
    NOTE (2): Biliary abnormalities due to portal vein thrombosis are observed to be reversed after anti-coagulopathy therapy.
    NOTE (3): It is performed to initiate anticoagulation therapy early in course of disease.
    • Improves recanalization rates
    • Minimizes serious complication like peritonitis due to bowel necrosis
    • Decrease development of esophageal varices and complications associated with varices

Portal vein thrombosis

  • 1. Portal vein thrombosis with cirrhosis

References

  1. ↑ Ponziani FR, Zocco MA, Campanale C, Rinninella E, Tortora A, Di Maurizio L, Bombardieri G, De Cristofaro R, De Gaetano AM, Landolfi R, Gasbarrini A (2010). "Portal vein thrombosis: insight into physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment". World J. Gastroenterol. 16 (2): 143–55. PMC 2806552. PMID 20066733.
  2. ↑ Parikh, Sameer; Shah, Riddhi; Kapoor, Prashant (2010). "Portal Vein Thrombosis". The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (2): 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.023. ISSN 0002-9343.
  3. ↑ Chawla YK, Bodh V (2015). "Portal vein thrombosis". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 5 (1): 22–40. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008. PMC 4415192. PMID 25941431.
  4. ↑ Condat B, Pessione F, Hillaire S, Denninger MH, Guillin MC, Poliquin M, Hadengue A, Erlinger S, Valla D (2001). "Current outcome of portal vein thrombosis in adults: risk and benefit of anticoagulant therapy". Gastroenterology. 120 (2): 490–7. PMID 11159889.
  5. ↑ Hall TC, Garcea G, Metcalfe M, Bilku D, Dennison AR (2011). "Management of acute non-cirrhotic and non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review". World J Surg. 35 (11): 2510–20. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1198-0. PMID 21882035.
  6. ↑ Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Menchise A, Martino R, Scaglione M, Giovine S, Romano L, Balzano A (2010). "Safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy with low molecular weight heparin for portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44 (6): 448–51. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b3ab44. PMID 19730112.
  7. ↑ DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G (2009). "Vascular disorders of the liver". Hepatology. 49 (5): 1729–64. doi:10.1002/hep.22772. PMID 19399912.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Henao EA, Bohannon WT, Silva MB (2003). "Treatment of portal venous thrombosis with selective superior mesenteric artery infusion of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator". J. Vasc. Surg. 38 (6): 1411–5. doi:10.1016/S0741. PMID 14681650.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tateishi A, Mitsui H, Oki T, Morishita J, Maekawa H, Yahagi N, Maruyama T, Ichinose M, Ohnishi S, Shiratori Y, Minami M, Koutetsu S, Hori N, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Omata M (2001). "Extensive mesenteric vein and portal vein thrombosis successfully treated by thrombolysis and anticoagulation". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16 (12): 1429–33. PMID 11851847.
  10. ↑ Lopera JE, Correa G, Brazzini A, Ustunsoz B, Patel S, Janchai A, Castaneda-Zuniga W (2002). "Percutaneous transhepatic treatment of symptomatic mesenteric venous thrombosis". J. Vasc. Surg. 36 (5): 1058–61. PMID 12422118.
  11. ↑ Aytekin C, Boyvat F, Kurt A, Yologlu Z, Coskun M (2001). "Catheter-directed thrombolysis with transjugular access in portal vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis". Eur J Radiol. 39 (2): 80–2. PMID 11522414.
  12. ↑ Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, Weeks SM, Dixon RG, Jaques PF (2005). "Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 16 (5): 651–61. doi:10.1097/01.RVI.0000156265.79960.86. PMID 15872320.
  13. ↑ Schäfer C, Zundler J, Bode JC (2000). "Thrombolytic therapy in patients with portal vein thrombosis: case report and review of the literature". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 12 (10): 1141–5. PMID 11057461.
  14. ↑ Kercher KW, Sing RF, Watson KW, Matthews BD, LeQuire MH, Heniford BT (2002). "Transhepatic thrombolysis in acute portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic splenectomy". Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 12 (2): 131–6. PMID 11948303.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Portal_vein_thrombosis_medical_therapy&oldid=1426040"