Mesothelioma natural history: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{PSD}}, {{SR}} | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{PSD}}, {{SR}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated, mesothelioma may progress to develop [[dyspnea]], [[dysphagia]], [[pleural effusion]], [[thrombophlebitis]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[hydrocele|recurrent hydrocele]], and [[metastases]], depending on the site involved. | If left untreated, mesothelioma may progress to develop [[dyspnea]], [[dysphagia]], [[pleural effusion]], [[thrombophlebitis]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[hydrocele|recurrent hydrocele]], and [[metastases]], depending on the site involved. Complications of mesothelioma include [[pleural effusion]], [[spinal cord compression]], [[Horner's syndrome]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], hyperviscocity syndrome, [[pericardial effusion]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[heart failure]], [[ascites]], and [[hydrocele|recurrent hydrocele]]. The [[prognosis]] of mesothelioma depends on the [[Cell (biology)|cell]] subtype.<ref name="Survivalstatisticsformesothelioma1">Survival statistics for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on. Accessed on February 10, 2016</ref> | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
*Malignant mesothelioma is usually an aggressive disease.<ref name=Survivalstatisticsformesothelioma1>Survival statistics for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on. Accessed on February 10, 2016</ref> | *Malignant mesothelioma is usually an aggressive disease.<ref name="Survivalstatisticsformesothelioma1">Survival statistics for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on. Accessed on February 10, 2016</ref> | ||
*The exposure to the asbestos that cause mesothelioma occurrs 25-40 years to appear. | *The exposure to the [[asbestos]] that cause mesothelioma occurrs 25-40 years to appear. | ||
*Metastasis outside the thoracic wall occurs late in the course of pleural mesothelioma. Common sites of metastasis for pleural mesothelioma include:<ref name=Ifmesotheliomaspreads1>If mesothelioma spreads. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/if-cancer-spreads/?region=on. Accessed on February 15, 2016</ref> | *Metastasis outside the thoracic wall occurs late in the course of pleural mesothelioma. Common sites of metastasis for pleural mesothelioma include:<ref name="Ifmesotheliomaspreads1">If mesothelioma spreads. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/if-cancer-spreads/?region=on. Accessed on February 15, 2016</ref> | ||
:*[[Mediastinum]] | :*[[Mediastinum]] | ||
:*[[Pericardium]] | :*[[Pericardium]] | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
:*[[lung|Contralateral lung]] | :*[[lung|Contralateral lung]] | ||
:*[[Diaphragm]] | :*[[Diaphragm]] | ||
:*[[Peritoneum]] (the membrane that lines the walls of the abdomen and pelvis, and covers and supports most of the abdominal organs) | :*[[Peritoneum]] (the membrane that lines the walls of the [[abdomen]] and [[pelvis]], and covers and supports most of the [[abdominal]] organs) | ||
:*[[Liver]] | :*[[Liver]] | ||
:*[[Adrenal gland]] | :*[[Adrenal gland]] | ||
:*[[Kidney]] | :*[[Kidney]] | ||
:*[[Brain]] | :*[[Brain]] | ||
*Peritoneal mesothelioma does not usually spread to the lymph nodes or distant organs. Common sites of metastasis for peritoneal mesothelioma include:<ref name=Ifmesotheliomaspreads1>If mesothelioma spreads. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/if-cancer-spreads/?region=on. Accessed on February 15, 2016</ref> | *[[Peritoneal]] mesothelioma does not usually spread to the lymph nodes or distant organs. Common sites of metastasis for peritoneal mesothelioma include:<ref name="Ifmesotheliomaspreads1">If mesothelioma spreads. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/if-cancer-spreads/?region=on. Accessed on February 15, 2016</ref> | ||
:*[[Serosa]] of the small and large intestine – can cause a [[bowel obstruction]] | :*[[Serosa]] of the small and large intestine – can cause a [[bowel obstruction]] | ||
:*[[pleural cavity|Unilateral or bilateral pleural cavities]] | :*[[pleural cavity|Unilateral or bilateral pleural cavities]] | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
===Complications of Pleural Mesothelioma=== | ===Complications of Pleural Mesothelioma=== | ||
Common complications of pleural mesothelioma include:<ref name=complicationpleuralmesothelioma1>Complications of mesothelioma. Mayo clinic 2016. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/basics/complications/con-20026157. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23052177">{{cite journal| author=Mensi C, Termine L, Garberi A, Meroni S, Levi D, Balzarini L et al.| title=Spinal cord compression: an unusual presentation of malignant pleural mesothelioma. A case report and review of the literature. | journal=Tumori | year= 2012 | volume= 98 | issue= 4 | pages= e92-7 | pmid=23052177 | doi=10.1700/1146.12651 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23052177 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10390966">{{cite journal| author=Minami T, Matsumoto K, Aizawa H, Nakano H, Sugio K, Nakashima Y et al.| title=[Horner's syndrome in a patient with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma]. | journal=Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi | year= 1999 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-90 | pmid=10390966 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10390966 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6825037">{{cite journal| author=Ragalie GF, Varkey B, Choi H| title=Malignant pleural mesothelioma presenting as superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1983 | volume= 128 | issue= 6 | pages= 689-91, 740 | pmid=6825037 | doi= | pmc=PMC1875200 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6825037 }} </ref> | Common complications of pleural mesothelioma include:<ref name="complicationpleuralmesothelioma1">Complications of mesothelioma. Mayo clinic 2016. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/basics/complications/con-20026157. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23052177">{{cite journal| author=Mensi C, Termine L, Garberi A, Meroni S, Levi D, Balzarini L et al.| title=Spinal cord compression: an unusual presentation of malignant pleural mesothelioma. A case report and review of the literature. | journal=Tumori | year= 2012 | volume= 98 | issue= 4 | pages= e92-7 | pmid=23052177 | doi=10.1700/1146.12651 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23052177 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10390966">{{cite journal| author=Minami T, Matsumoto K, Aizawa H, Nakano H, Sugio K, Nakashima Y et al.| title=[Horner's syndrome in a patient with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma]. | journal=Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi | year= 1999 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-90 | pmid=10390966 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10390966 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6825037">{{cite journal| author=Ragalie GF, Varkey B, Choi H| title=Malignant pleural mesothelioma presenting as superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1983 | volume= 128 | issue= 6 | pages= 689-91, 740 | pmid=6825037 | doi= | pmc=PMC1875200 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6825037 }} </ref> | ||
*[[dysphagia|Difficulty swallowing]] | *[[dysphagia|Difficulty swallowing]] | ||
*[[Pain]] caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord | *[[Pain]] caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord | ||
*[[Pleural effusion]] | *[[Pleural effusion]] | ||
*[[Atelectasis]] | *[[Atelectasis]] | ||
*Hypercoagulability syndrome | *[[Hypercoagulability]] syndrome | ||
*[[Spinal cord compression]] | *[[Spinal cord compression]] | ||
*[[Horner's syndrome]] | *[[Horner's syndrome]] | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
===Complications of Peritoneal Mesothelioma=== | ===Complications of Peritoneal Mesothelioma=== | ||
Common complications of peritoneal mesothelioma include:<ref name=complicationperitonealmesothelioma1>Clinical presentation of peritoneal mesothelioma. Dr Alexandra Stanislavsky et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/peritoneal-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref> | Common complications of peritoneal mesothelioma include:<ref name="complicationperitonealmesothelioma1">Clinical presentation of peritoneal mesothelioma. Dr Alexandra Stanislavsky et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/peritoneal-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref> | ||
*[[Anorexia]] | *[[Anorexia]] | ||
*[[Weight loss]] | *[[Weight loss]] | ||
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
===Complications of Pericardial Mesothelioma=== | ===Complications of Pericardial Mesothelioma=== | ||
Common complications of pericardial mesothelioma include:<ref name=ddxpericardialmesothelioma1>Complications of pericardial mesothelioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref> | Common complications of pericardial mesothelioma include:<ref name="ddxpericardialmesothelioma1">Complications of pericardial mesothelioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref> | ||
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | *[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | ||
*[[Pericardial effusion]] | *[[Pericardial effusion]] | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
===Complications of Tunica Vaginalis Testis Mesothelioma=== | ===Complications of Tunica Vaginalis Testis Mesothelioma=== | ||
Common complications of tunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma include:<ref name=complictesticularmesothelioma>Clinical presentation of tunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Dalia Ibrahim et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/tunica-vaginalis-testis-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref> | Common complications of tunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma include:<ref name="complictesticularmesothelioma">Clinical presentation of tunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Dalia Ibrahim et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/tunica-vaginalis-testis-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016</ref> | ||
*[[hydrocele|Recurrent hydrocele]] | *[[hydrocele|Recurrent hydrocele]] | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
*Prognosis in mesothelioma is difficult to assess consistently because there is great variability in the time before diagnosis and the rate of disease progression.<ref name=prognosismesothelioma1322>Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors of mesothelioma. National cancer institute 2016. http://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma/hp/mesothelioma-treatment-pdq. Accessed on February 15, 2016</ref> | *Prognosis in mesothelioma is difficult to assess consistently because there is great variability in the time before diagnosis and the rate of disease progression.<ref name="prognosismesothelioma1322">Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors of mesothelioma. National cancer institute 2016. http://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma/hp/mesothelioma-treatment-pdq. Accessed on February 15, 2016</ref> | ||
*The prognostic factors for mesothelioma include:<ref name=prognosismesothelioma1>Prognosis and survival for mesothelioma. Cancer canadian society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | *The prognostic factors for mesothelioma include:<ref name="prognosismesothelioma1">Prognosis and survival for mesothelioma. Cancer canadian society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | ||
:*'''Cell subtype''': Epithelioid mesothelioma is the most common subtype of mesothelioma and has a better prognosis than sarcomatoid or mixed (biphasic) types. Sarcomatoid subtype has the least favorable prognosis. | :*'''Cell subtype''': Epithelioid mesothelioma is the most common subtype of mesothelioma and has a better prognosis than sarcomatoid or mixed (biphasic) types. Sarcomatoid subtype has the least favorable prognosis. | ||
:*'''Location of mesothelioma''': Pericardial mesothelioma is usually associated with a poorer prognosis than the other types of mesothelioma. | :*'''Location of mesothelioma''': Pericardial mesothelioma is usually associated with a poorer prognosis than the other types of mesothelioma. | ||
| Line 71: | Line 71: | ||
:*'''Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level''': People with increased LDH blood levels tend to have a less favorable prognosis than those with normal LDH levels. LDH is an enzyme in the blood that can be increased when there is damage to certain tissue or cancer. | :*'''Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level''': People with increased LDH blood levels tend to have a less favorable prognosis than those with normal LDH levels. LDH is an enzyme in the blood that can be increased when there is damage to certain tissue or cancer. | ||
*Mesothelioma occurring in germline ''[[BAP1]]'' mutation carriers have been reported to be less aggressive clinically and associated with prolonged survival compared with sporadic mesothelioma.<ref name="ThomasChen2015">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Anish|last2=Chen|first2=Yuanbin|last3=Yu|first3=Tinghui|last4=Gill|first4=Ammara|last5=Prasad|first5=Vinay|title=Distinctive clinical characteristics of malignant mesothelioma in young patients|journal=Oncotarget|volume=6|issue=18|year=2015|pages=16766–16773|issn=1949-2553|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.4414}}</ref> | *Mesothelioma occurring in germline ''[[BAP1]]'' mutation carriers have been reported to be less aggressive clinically and associated with prolonged survival compared with sporadic mesothelioma.<ref name="ThomasChen2015">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Anish|last2=Chen|first2=Yuanbin|last3=Yu|first3=Tinghui|last4=Gill|first4=Ammara|last5=Prasad|first5=Vinay|title=Distinctive clinical characteristics of malignant mesothelioma in young patients|journal=Oncotarget|volume=6|issue=18|year=2015|pages=16766–16773|issn=1949-2553|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.4414}}</ref> | ||
*As discussed earlier, the prognosis of mesothelioma depends on the cell subtype. The median survival time of various subtypes of mesothelioma are tabulated below.<ref name=Survivalstatisticsformesothelioma1>Survival statistics for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on. Accessed on February 10, 2016</ref> | *As discussed earlier, the prognosis of mesothelioma depends on the cell subtype. The median survival time of various subtypes of mesothelioma are tabulated below.<ref name="Survivalstatisticsformesothelioma1">Survival statistics for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on. Accessed on February 10, 2016</ref> | ||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width:600px" | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width:600px" | ||
|valign=top| | | valign="top" | | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Location of mesothelioma}} | ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Location of mesothelioma}} | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Approximate median survival}} | ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Approximate median survival}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=center|[[Pleural]] | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pleural]] | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|4-18 months | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |4-18 months | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=center|[[Peritoneal]] | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Peritoneal]] | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|5-12 months | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |5-12 months | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=center|[[Pericardial]] | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pericardial]] | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|6 months | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |6 months | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=center|[[Tunica vaginalis testis]] | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tunica vaginalis testis]] | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|23 months | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |23 months | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:17, 25 April 2018
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Mesothelioma Microchapters |
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Mesothelioma natural history On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Mesothelioma natural history |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2], Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]
Overview
If left untreated, mesothelioma may progress to develop dyspnea, dysphagia, pleural effusion, thrombophlebitis, constrictive pericarditis, recurrent hydrocele, and metastases, depending on the site involved. Complications of mesothelioma include pleural effusion, spinal cord compression, Horner's syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, hyperviscocity syndrome, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, heart failure, ascites, and recurrent hydrocele. The prognosis of mesothelioma depends on the cell subtype.[1]
Natural History
- Malignant mesothelioma is usually an aggressive disease.[1]
- The exposure to the asbestos that cause mesothelioma occurrs 25-40 years to appear.
- Metastasis outside the thoracic wall occurs late in the course of pleural mesothelioma. Common sites of metastasis for pleural mesothelioma include:[2]
- Mediastinum
- Pericardium
- Lymph nodes
- Thoracic wall
- Contralateral lung
- Diaphragm
- Peritoneum (the membrane that lines the walls of the abdomen and pelvis, and covers and supports most of the abdominal organs)
- Liver
- Adrenal gland
- Kidney
- Brain
- Peritoneal mesothelioma does not usually spread to the lymph nodes or distant organs. Common sites of metastasis for peritoneal mesothelioma include:[2]
- Serosa of the small and large intestine – can cause a bowel obstruction
- Unilateral or bilateral pleural cavities
- Liver
- Spleen
Complications
Complications of Pleural Mesothelioma
Common complications of pleural mesothelioma include:[3][4][5][6]
- Difficulty swallowing
- Pain caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord
- Pleural effusion
- Atelectasis
- Hypercoagulability syndrome
- Spinal cord compression
- Horner's syndrome
- Superior vena cava syndrome
Complications of Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Common complications of peritoneal mesothelioma include:[7]
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
- Hypercoagulability syndrome
- Ascites
Complications of Pericardial Mesothelioma
Common complications of pericardial mesothelioma include:[8]
Complications of Tunica Vaginalis Testis Mesothelioma
Common complications of tunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma include:[9]
Prognosis
- Prognosis in mesothelioma is difficult to assess consistently because there is great variability in the time before diagnosis and the rate of disease progression.[10]
- The prognostic factors for mesothelioma include:[11]
- Cell subtype: Epithelioid mesothelioma is the most common subtype of mesothelioma and has a better prognosis than sarcomatoid or mixed (biphasic) types. Sarcomatoid subtype has the least favorable prognosis.
- Location of mesothelioma: Pericardial mesothelioma is usually associated with a poorer prognosis than the other types of mesothelioma.
- Surgical removal: Mesothelioma that can be resected has a more favorable prognosis than mesothelioma that has spread too far and is unresectable. Clear surgical margins improve prognosis. Mesothelioma is often a diffuse disease and doesn’t stay localized. This makes it difficult to get clear surgical margins.
- Stage: Stage plays a role in prognosis for people who have surgery. The stage of mesothelioma does not impact survival for people who do not have surgery. Generally, early stage mesothelioma has a better prognosis than more advanced stages. If mesothelioma has spread to the lymph nodes, it is usually associated with a less favorable prognosis.
- Symptoms: The presence of chest pain with pleural mesothelioma or excessive weight loss is associated with a poorer prognosis. Chest pain suggests there may advanced disease that is unresectable.
- Thrombocytosis: Thrombocytosis is associated with a poorer prognosis.
- Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is associated with a poorer prognosis.
- Performance status: People with a good performance status have a better prognosis than those with a poor performance status.
- Age: Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
- Sex: Females seem to have a better prognosis than men.
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level: People with increased LDH blood levels tend to have a less favorable prognosis than those with normal LDH levels. LDH is an enzyme in the blood that can be increased when there is damage to certain tissue or cancer.
- Mesothelioma occurring in germline BAP1 mutation carriers have been reported to be less aggressive clinically and associated with prolonged survival compared with sporadic mesothelioma.[12]
- As discussed earlier, the prognosis of mesothelioma depends on the cell subtype. The median survival time of various subtypes of mesothelioma are tabulated below.[1]
| Location of mesothelioma | Approximate median survival |
|---|---|
| Pleural | 4-18 months |
| Peritoneal | 5-12 months |
| Pericardial | 6 months |
| Tunica vaginalis testis | 23 months |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Survival statistics for mesothelioma. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on. Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 If mesothelioma spreads. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/if-cancer-spreads/?region=on. Accessed on February 15, 2016
- ↑ Complications of mesothelioma. Mayo clinic 2016. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/basics/complications/con-20026157. Accessed on February 13, 2016
- ↑ Mensi C, Termine L, Garberi A, Meroni S, Levi D, Balzarini L; et al. (2012). "Spinal cord compression: an unusual presentation of malignant pleural mesothelioma. A case report and review of the literature". Tumori. 98 (4): e92–7. doi:10.1700/1146.12651. PMID 23052177.
- ↑ Minami T, Matsumoto K, Aizawa H, Nakano H, Sugio K, Nakashima Y; et al. (1999). "[Horner's syndrome in a patient with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma]". Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 37 (4): 287–90. PMID 10390966.
- ↑ Ragalie GF, Varkey B, Choi H (1983). "Malignant pleural mesothelioma presenting as superior vena cava syndrome". Can Med Assoc J. 128 (6): 689–91, 740. PMC 1875200. PMID 6825037.
- ↑ Clinical presentation of peritoneal mesothelioma. Dr Alexandra Stanislavsky et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/peritoneal-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016
- ↑ Complications of pericardial mesothelioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016
- ↑ Clinical presentation of tunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Dalia Ibrahim et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/tunica-vaginalis-testis-mesothelioma. Accessed on February 13, 2016
- ↑ Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors of mesothelioma. National cancer institute 2016. http://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma/hp/mesothelioma-treatment-pdq. Accessed on February 15, 2016
- ↑ Prognosis and survival for mesothelioma. Cancer canadian society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/mesothelioma/prognosis-and-survival/?region=on. Accessed on February 8, 2016
- ↑ Thomas, Anish; Chen, Yuanbin; Yu, Tinghui; Gill, Ammara; Prasad, Vinay (2015). "Distinctive clinical characteristics of malignant mesothelioma in young patients". Oncotarget. 6 (18): 16766–16773. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4414. ISSN 1949-2553.