Portal vein thrombosis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Portal vein thrombosis}}
{{Portal vein thrombosis}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{F.K}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
[[Portal vein]] thrombosis may be caused by inherited prothrombotic disorders and acquired thrombophilic disorders. Less common causes of portal vein thrombosis include acquired conditions such as [[cirrhosis]] and [[hepatocellular carcinoma]] and procedures such as abdominal [[surgery]] or surgical injury of the [[portal vein]] axis and [[splenectomy]].
 
OR
 
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
 
OR
 
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
 
OR
 
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life-threatening Causes===
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
*Life-threatening causes of [[portal vein]] thrombosis include: [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], and Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic [[Myeloproliferative disease|myeloproliferative disorders]] ([[Polycythemia vera|polycythemia vera]]<nowiki/>, [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[idiopathic myelofibrosis]], and unclassifiable [[Myeloproliferative disease|myeloproliferative disorders]]).
*Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Portal vein thrombosis may be caused by:<ref name="pmid15094219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, Margaglione M, Manguso F, Iannaccone L, Grandone E, Balzano A |title=Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=736–41 |year=2004 |pmid=15094219 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.01.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11001884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janssen HL, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, van Uum SH, Haagsma EB, van Der Meer FJ, van Hattum J, Chamuleau RA, Adang RP, Vandenbroucke JP, van Hoek B, Rosendaal FR |title=Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study |journal=Blood |volume=96 |issue=7 |pages=2364–8 |year=2000 |pmid=11001884 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15726653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Primignani M, Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Battaglioli T, Reati R, Fabris F, Dell'era A, Pappalardo E, Mannucci PM |title=Risk factors for thrombophilia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction |journal=Hepatology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=603–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15726653 |doi=10.1002/hep.20591 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10706547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denninger MH, Chaït Y, Casadevall N, Hillaire S, Guillin MC, Bezeaud A, Erlinger S, Briere J, Valla D |title=Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors |journal=Hepatology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=587–91 |year=2000 |pmid=10706547 |doi=10.1002/hep.510310307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17133457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Primignani M, Barosi G, Bergamaschi G, Gianelli U, Fabris F, Reati R, Dell'Era A, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM |title=Role of the JAK2 mutation in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders in splanchnic vein thrombosis |journal=Hepatology |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1528–34 |year=2006 |pmid=17133457 |doi=10.1002/hep.21435 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23855810">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sekhar M, McVinnie K, Burroughs AK |title=Splanchnic vein thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=730–47 |year=2013 |pmid=23855810 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12461 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11600478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janssen HL, Wijnhoud A, Haagsma EB, van Uum SH, van Nieuwkerk CM, Adang RP, Chamuleau RA, van Hattum J, Vleggaar FP, Hansen BE, Rosendaal FR, van Hoek B |title=Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis: aetiology and determinants of survival |journal=Gut |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=720–4 |year=2001 |pmid=11600478 |pmc=1728504 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18398061">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergamaschi GM, Primignani M, Barosi G, Fabris FM, Villani L, Reati R, Dell'era A, Mannucci PM |title=MPL and JAK2 exon 12 mutations in patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome or extrahepatic portal vein obstruction |journal=Blood |volume=111 |issue=8 |pages=4418 |year=2008 |pmid=18398061 |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-02-137687 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16552370">{{cite journal |vauthors=Romano F, Caprotti R, Scaini A, Conti M, Scotti M, Colombo G, Uggeri F |title=Elective laparoscopic splenectomy and thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis: a prospective study with ecocolordoppler ultrasound |journal=Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=4–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16552370 |doi=10.1097/01.sle.0000202187.80407.09 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24407940">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshiya S, Shirabe K, Nakagawara H, Soejima Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Yamashita Y, Harimoto N, Nishie A, Yamanaka T, Maehara Y |title=Portal vein thrombosis after hepatectomy |journal=World J Surg |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1491–7 |year=2014 |pmid=24407940 |doi=10.1007/s00268-013-2440-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10784062">{{cite journal |vauthors=White SA, London NJ, Johnson PR, Davies JE, Pollard C, Contractor HH, Hughes DP, Robertson GS, Musto PP, Dennison AR |title=The risks of total pancreatectomy and splenic islet autotransplantation |journal=Cell Transplant |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |year=2000 |pmid=10784062 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
[[Portal vein]] thrombosis may be caused by:<ref name="pmid15094219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, Margaglione M, Manguso F, Iannaccone L, Grandone E, Balzano A |title=Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=736–41 |year=2004 |pmid=15094219 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.01.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11001884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janssen HL, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, van Uum SH, Haagsma EB, van Der Meer FJ, van Hattum J, Chamuleau RA, Adang RP, Vandenbroucke JP, van Hoek B, Rosendaal FR |title=Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study |journal=Blood |volume=96 |issue=7 |pages=2364–8 |year=2000 |pmid=11001884 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15726653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Primignani M, Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Battaglioli T, Reati R, Fabris F, Dell'era A, Pappalardo E, Mannucci PM |title=Risk factors for thrombophilia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction |journal=Hepatology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=603–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15726653 |doi=10.1002/hep.20591 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10706547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denninger MH, Chaït Y, Casadevall N, Hillaire S, Guillin MC, Bezeaud A, Erlinger S, Briere J, Valla D |title=Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors |journal=Hepatology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=587–91 |year=2000 |pmid=10706547 |doi=10.1002/hep.510310307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17133457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Primignani M, Barosi G, Bergamaschi G, Gianelli U, Fabris F, Reati R, Dell'Era A, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM |title=Role of the JAK2 mutation in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders in splanchnic vein thrombosis |journal=Hepatology |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1528–34 |year=2006 |pmid=17133457 |doi=10.1002/hep.21435 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23855810">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sekhar M, McVinnie K, Burroughs AK |title=Splanchnic vein thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=730–47 |year=2013 |pmid=23855810 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12461 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11600478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janssen HL, Wijnhoud A, Haagsma EB, van Uum SH, van Nieuwkerk CM, Adang RP, Chamuleau RA, van Hattum J, Vleggaar FP, Hansen BE, Rosendaal FR, van Hoek B |title=Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis: aetiology and determinants of survival |journal=Gut |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=720–4 |year=2001 |pmid=11600478 |pmc=1728504 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18398061">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergamaschi GM, Primignani M, Barosi G, Fabris FM, Villani L, Reati R, Dell'era A, Mannucci PM |title=MPL and JAK2 exon 12 mutations in patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome or extrahepatic portal vein obstruction |journal=Blood |volume=111 |issue=8 |pages=4418 |year=2008 |pmid=18398061 |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-02-137687 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16552370">{{cite journal |vauthors=Romano F, Caprotti R, Scaini A, Conti M, Scotti M, Colombo G, Uggeri F |title=Elective laparoscopic splenectomy and thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis: a prospective study with ecocolordoppler ultrasound |journal=Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=4–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16552370 |doi=10.1097/01.sle.0000202187.80407.09 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24407940">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshiya S, Shirabe K, Nakagawara H, Soejima Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Yamashita Y, Harimoto N, Nishie A, Yamanaka T, Maehara Y |title=Portal vein thrombosis after hepatectomy |journal=World J Surg |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1491–7 |year=2014 |pmid=24407940 |doi=10.1007/s00268-013-2440-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10784062">{{cite journal |vauthors=White SA, London NJ, Johnson PR, Davies JE, Pollard C, Contractor HH, Hughes DP, Robertson GS, Musto PP, Dennison AR |title=The risks of total pancreatectomy and splenic islet autotransplantation |journal=Cell Transplant |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |year=2000 |pmid=10784062 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Acquired conditions
**Cirrhosis
**Hepatocellular carcinoma
**Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, idiopathic myelofibrosis, unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders) (see "Overview of the myeloproliferative neoplasms")
**Antiphospholipid syndrome
**Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobiknuria
**Behçet's syndrome
**Recent pregnancy or oral contraceptive use
**Abdominal inflammatory lesions including infection, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease
**Trauma
*Procedures
**Abdominal surgery or surgical injury of the portal vein axis
**Endoscopic sclerotherapy
**Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
**Splenectomy
**Hepatic resection
**Pancreatic islet cell transplantation
 
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of portal vein thrombosis include:
*Inherited prothrombotic disorders
*Inherited prothrombotic disorders
**Factor V Leiden mutation
**[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
**Factor II gene mutation
**[[Factor II]] gene mutation
**Protein C deficiency
**[[Protein C deficiency]]
**Protein S deficiency
**[[Protein S deficiency]]
**Antithrombin III deficiency
**[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
*Acquired thrombophilic disorders
*Acquired thrombophilic disorders
**Primary myeloproliferative disorders
**Primary [[Myeloproliferative disease|myeloproliferative disorders]]
**Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia
**[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
**Antiphospholipid syndrome
**[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
**Increased factor VIII levels
**Increased [[factor VIII]] levels
**Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor gene (TAFI)
**Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor gene (TAFI)


===Genetic Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
Less common causes of portal vein thrombosis include:<ref name="pmid24793031">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qi X, Ren W, De Stefano V, Fan D |title=Associations of coagulation factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1801–12.e7 |year=2014 |pmid=24793031 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.026 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17524760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koshy A, Jeyakumari M |title=High FVIII level is associated with idiopathic portal vein thrombosis in South India |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=552.e9–11 |year=2007 |pmid=17524760 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15726653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Primignani M, Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Battaglioli T, Reati R, Fabris F, Dell'era A, Pappalardo E, Mannucci PM |title=Risk factors for thrombophilia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction |journal=Hepatology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=603–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15726653 |doi=10.1002/hep.20591 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9869612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chamouard P, Pencreach E, Maloisel F, Grunebaum L, Ardizzone JF, Meyer A, Gaub MP, Goetz J, Baumann R, Uring-Lambert B, Levy S, Dufour P, Hauptmann G, Oudet P |title=Frequent factor II G20210A mutation in idiopathic portal vein thrombosis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=144–8 |year=1999 |pmid=9869612 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18392325">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dentali F, Galli M, Gianni M, Ageno W |title=Inherited thrombophilic abnormalities and risk of portal vein thrombosis. a meta-analysis |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=675–82 |year=2008 |pmid=18392325 |doi=10.1160/TH07-08-0526 |url=}}</ref>
*Acquired conditions:
**[[Cirrhosis]]
**[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
**[[Behçet's syndrome]]
**Recent [[pregnancy]] or [[oral contraceptive]] use
**Abdominal inflammatory lesions including infection, [[pancreatitis]], and [[inflammatory bowel disease]]
**[[Trauma]]
**[[Philadelphia chromosome|Philadelphia-chromosome]] negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders ([[polycythemia vera]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[idiopathic myelofibrosis]], and unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders)
*Procedures:
**Abdominal [[surgery]] or surgical injury of the portal vein axis
**Endoscopic [[sclerotherapy]]
**[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts|Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]]
**[[Splenectomy]]
**Hepatic resection
**Pancreatic islet cell [[transplantation]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Oral contraceptive use
 
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cirrhosis]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], hepatic resection
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Factor V Leiden|Factor V Leiden mutation]], factor II gene mutation, [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], primary myeloproliferative disorders, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia, [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], increased [[factor VIII]] levels, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor gene (TAFI), Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders ([[polycythemia vera]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[idiopathic myelofibrosis]], unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders)
 
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Abdominal surgery or surgical injury of the portal vein axis, [[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts|transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]], abdominal inflammatory lesions including infection, [[pancreatitis]], and [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[trauma]], procedures, endoscopic [[sclerotherapy]], [[splenectomy]], pancreatic islet cell [[transplantation]]
 
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |Recent pregnancy
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 179: Line 163:
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
* Cause 1
*Abdominal inflammatory lesions including infection, [[pancreatitis]], and [[inflammatory bowel disease]]
* Cause 2
*Abdominal [[surgery]] or surgical injury of the portal vein axis
* Cause 3
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
* Cause 4
*Antithrombin III deficiency
* Cause 5
*[[Behçet's syndrome]]
* Cause 6
*[[Cirrhosis]]
* Cause 7
*Endoscopic sclerotherapy
* Cause 8
*Factor II gene mutation
* Cause 9
*Factor V Leiden mutation
* Cause 10
*Hepatic resection
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*Increased factor VIII levels
*Pancreatic islet cell transplantation
*Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia
*Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders ([[polycythemia vera]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], idiopathic myelofibrosis, unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders)
*Primary myeloproliferative disorders
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
*[[Protein S deficiency]]
*Recent [[pregnancy]] or [[oral contraceptive]] use
*[[Splenectomy]]
*Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor gene (TAFI)
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]]
*[[Trauma]]
 
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 22:29, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]

Overview

Portal vein thrombosis may be caused by inherited prothrombotic disorders and acquired thrombophilic disorders. Less common causes of portal vein thrombosis include acquired conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and procedures such as abdominal surgery or surgical injury of the portal vein axis and splenectomy.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

Common Causes

Portal vein thrombosis may be caused by:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of portal vein thrombosis include:[12][13][3][14][15]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Oral contraceptive use
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic resection
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Factor V Leiden mutation, factor II gene mutation, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency, primary myeloproliferative disorders, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, increased factor VIII levels, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor gene (TAFI), Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, idiopathic myelofibrosis, unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders)
Iatrogenic Abdominal surgery or surgical injury of the portal vein axis, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, abdominal inflammatory lesions including infection, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease, trauma, procedures, endoscopic sclerotherapy, splenectomy, pancreatic islet cell transplantation
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Recent pregnancy
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

References

  1. ↑ Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, Margaglione M, Manguso F, Iannaccone L, Grandone E, Balzano A (2004). "Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 40 (5): 736–41. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.01.001. PMID 15094219.
  2. ↑ Janssen HL, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, van Uum SH, Haagsma EB, van Der Meer FJ, van Hattum J, Chamuleau RA, Adang RP, Vandenbroucke JP, van Hoek B, Rosendaal FR (2000). "Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study". Blood. 96 (7): 2364–8. PMID 11001884.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Primignani M, Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Battaglioli T, Reati R, Fabris F, Dell'era A, Pappalardo E, Mannucci PM (2005). "Risk factors for thrombophilia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction". Hepatology. 41 (3): 603–8. doi:10.1002/hep.20591. PMID 15726653.
  4. ↑ Denninger MH, Chaït Y, Casadevall N, Hillaire S, Guillin MC, Bezeaud A, Erlinger S, Briere J, Valla D (2000). "Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors". Hepatology. 31 (3): 587–91. doi:10.1002/hep.510310307. PMID 10706547.
  5. ↑ Primignani M, Barosi G, Bergamaschi G, Gianelli U, Fabris F, Reati R, Dell'Era A, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM (2006). "Role of the JAK2 mutation in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders in splanchnic vein thrombosis". Hepatology. 44 (6): 1528–34. doi:10.1002/hep.21435. PMID 17133457.
  6. ↑ Sekhar M, McVinnie K, Burroughs AK (2013). "Splanchnic vein thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms". Br. J. Haematol. 162 (6): 730–47. doi:10.1111/bjh.12461. PMID 23855810.
  7. ↑ Janssen HL, Wijnhoud A, Haagsma EB, van Uum SH, van Nieuwkerk CM, Adang RP, Chamuleau RA, van Hattum J, Vleggaar FP, Hansen BE, Rosendaal FR, van Hoek B (2001). "Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis: aetiology and determinants of survival". Gut. 49 (5): 720–4. PMC 1728504. PMID 11600478.
  8. ↑ Bergamaschi GM, Primignani M, Barosi G, Fabris FM, Villani L, Reati R, Dell'era A, Mannucci PM (2008). "MPL and JAK2 exon 12 mutations in patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome or extrahepatic portal vein obstruction". Blood. 111 (8): 4418. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-02-137687. PMID 18398061.
  9. ↑ Romano F, Caprotti R, Scaini A, Conti M, Scotti M, Colombo G, Uggeri F (2006). "Elective laparoscopic splenectomy and thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis: a prospective study with ecocolordoppler ultrasound". Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 16 (1): 4–7. doi:10.1097/01.sle.0000202187.80407.09. PMID 16552370.
  10. ↑ Yoshiya S, Shirabe K, Nakagawara H, Soejima Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Yamashita Y, Harimoto N, Nishie A, Yamanaka T, Maehara Y (2014). "Portal vein thrombosis after hepatectomy". World J Surg. 38 (6): 1491–7. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-2440-8. PMID 24407940.
  11. ↑ White SA, London NJ, Johnson PR, Davies JE, Pollard C, Contractor HH, Hughes DP, Robertson GS, Musto PP, Dennison AR (2000). "The risks of total pancreatectomy and splenic islet autotransplantation". Cell Transplant. 9 (1): 19–24. PMID 10784062.
  12. ↑ Qi X, Ren W, De Stefano V, Fan D (2014). "Associations of coagulation factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12 (11): 1801–12.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.026. PMID 24793031.
  13. ↑ Koshy A, Jeyakumari M (2007). "High FVIII level is associated with idiopathic portal vein thrombosis in South India". Am. J. Med. 120 (6): 552.e9–11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.016. PMID 17524760.
  14. ↑ Chamouard P, Pencreach E, Maloisel F, Grunebaum L, Ardizzone JF, Meyer A, Gaub MP, Goetz J, Baumann R, Uring-Lambert B, Levy S, Dufour P, Hauptmann G, Oudet P (1999). "Frequent factor II G20210A mutation in idiopathic portal vein thrombosis". Gastroenterology. 116 (1): 144–8. PMID 9869612.
  15. ↑ Dentali F, Galli M, Gianni M, Ageno W (2008). "Inherited thrombophilic abnormalities and risk of portal vein thrombosis. a meta-analysis". Thromb. Haemost. 99 (4): 675–82. doi:10.1160/TH07-08-0526. PMID 18392325.

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