Dysphagia and heartburn

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ajay Gade MD[2]]

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Dysphagia and Heartburn

Disease	Signs and Symptoms								Barium esophagogram	Endoscopy	Other imaging and laboratory findings	Gold Standard
	Onset	Dysphagia			Weight loss	Heartburn	Other findings	Mental status
		Solids	Liquids	Type
Esophageal stricture	Gradual Sudden onset	+	-	Progressive	+/-	+/-	Odynophagia Cough Chest pain	Normal	Sacculations Fixed transverse folds Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticula	Mucosal edema Circumferential thickening in GERD Pale mucosa with white exudate in lymphocytic esophagitis Swelling and hemorrhagic congestion in caustic ingestion	Manometry may show dysmotility CT scan for staging malignant strictures	Barium esophagogram
Diffuse esophageal spasm	Sudden	+	+	Non progressive	+	+	Chest pain	Normal	Nonperistaltic and nonpropulsive contractions Corkscrew or rosary bead esophagus	Inconclusive	Manometry shows high-amplitude esophageal contractions CT scan may show hypertrophy of esophageal muscles	Manometry
Systemic sclerosis	Gradual	+	+	Progressive	+/-	+	Muscle and joint pain Raynaud's phenomenon Skin changes	Normal	Dysmotility Patulous esophagus	Mucosal damage Peptic stricture (advanced cases)	Positive serology for Antinuclear antibodies Rheumatoid factor Creatine kinase ESR	Skin biopsy
Esophageal carcinoma	Gradual	+	+	Progressive	+	+/-	Lymphadenopathy Cachexia	Normal	Irregular stricture Pre-stricture dilatation	Esophageal obstruction Staging of disease	CT and PET scan is an optional test for staging of the disease	Biopsy
Stroke (Cerebral hemorrhage)	Sudden	+	+	Progressive	+	+/-	Dysarthria Limb weakness Fatigue	Impaired	Pooling of contrast in the pharynx Aspiration of barium contrast into the airway	Reduced opening of upper esophageal sphincter Reduced larynx elevation	CT without contrast shows acute hemorrhage as a hyperattenuating clot	CT without contrast
GERD	Gradual Sudden onset	+	-	Progressive	+/-	+	Cough Hoarseness	Normal	Free acid reflux Esophagitis with scarring Strictures Barrett's oesophagus	Erythema, erosions and ulceration Barrett's esophagus	Esophageal manometry may show decreased tone of LES	24 hour esophageal pH monitoring
Esophageal web	Gradual	+	+/-	Progressive	-	+/-	Findings of the underlying cause such as iron deficiency anemia or bullous pemphigoid	Normal	Symmetrical narrowing of the esophagus	Smooth membrane not encircling the whole lumen	Videofluoroscopy shows mucosal and submucosal foldings	Barium esophagogram