Lactose intolerance classification: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There is no established system for the classification of [ | There is no established system for the classification of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance may be classified according to its causes into 2 groups: primary lactose malabsorption and secondary lactose malabsorption. Primary lactose malabsorption may be classified into 3 subtypes: acquired primary lactase deficiency, congenital lactase deficiency and developmental lactase deficiency. Secondary lactose malabsorption occurs as a result of the underlying [[Intestine|intestinal]] diseases such as [[small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]], [[Small intestine|small intestinal]] [[infection]] such as [[giardiasis]] and [[Small intestine|small intestinal]] [[inflammation]]. | ||
==Classification== | |||
{{familytree/start }} | |||
[ | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=''lactose intolerance''}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=Primary lactose malabsorption |B02=Secondary lactose malabsorption}} | |||
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|}} | |||
[ | {{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | | | | | | | | | | D04 | | D05 | | |D06|D01=Acquired primary lactase deficiency |D02=Congenital lactase deficiency|D03=Developmental lactase deficiency|D04=[[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]]|D05=[[Small intestinal]] [[infection]]|D06=[[Small intestinal]] [[inflammation]]}} | ||
[ | |||
{{familytree/end}} | |||
*There is no established system for the classification of lactose intolerance. | |||
*Lactose intolerance can be classified according to its causes into 2 groups: | |||
*Lactose intolerance | |||
**Primary lactose malabsorption | **Primary lactose malabsorption | ||
**Secondary lactose malabsorption | **Secondary lactose malabsorption | ||
* Primary lactose | * Primary lactose malabsorption can be classified into 3 subtypes: | ||
** Acquired primary lactase deficiency | ** Acquired primary lactase deficiency | ||
** Congenital lactase deficiency | ** Congenital lactase deficiency | ||
** Developmental lactase deficiency | ** Developmental lactase deficiency | ||
* Intestinal lactase levels | === Primary lactose intolerance === | ||
* Elevated lactase activity is maintained in Caucasians such as | |||
* Convergent evolution of lactase persistence is seen in some populations in Africa that domesticate cows and consume | ==== '''Acquired primary lactase deficiency ( lactase nonpersistence, adult-type hypolactasia)''' ==== | ||
* Persistence of intestinal lactase until adulthood is inherited | * The most common cause of primary lactase malabsorbtion. | ||
'''Congenital lactase deficiency''' | * In this type of disease, environmental and genetic factors collaborate with each other to develop lactose intolerance. | ||
* Rare autosomal recessive<ref name="pmid8523189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M |title=Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=920–3 |year=1995 |pmid=8523189 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Autosomal recessive]] trait.<ref name="pmid11788828">{{cite journal |vauthors=Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I |title=Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=233–7 |year=2002 |pmid=11788828 |doi=10.1038/ng826 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Intestine|Intestinal]] [[lactase]] levels are decreased at preschool age in many populations especially in Asia and Africa. | |||
* Elevated [[lactase]] activity is maintained in Caucasians such as Northern European. | |||
* Convergent evolution of lactase persistence is seen in some populations in Africa that domesticate cows and consume milk product into adulthood. <ref name="pmid17159977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, Ibrahim M, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, Wray GA, Deloukas P |title=Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |year=2007 |pmid=17159977 |pmc=2672153 |doi=10.1038/ng1946 |url=}}</ref> | |||
* Persistence of intestinal [[lactase]] until adulthood is inherited in an [[autosomal dominant]] manner.<ref name="pmid3140651">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB |title=The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=48 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1079–159 |year=1988 |pmid=3140651 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
'''Congenital lactase deficiency''' | |||
* Rare [[autosomal recessive]] disorder.<ref name="pmid8523189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M |title=Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=920–3 |year=1995 |pmid=8523189 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
* Absence of [[lactase]] activity since birth | |||
* Characteristic findings:<ref name="pmid16400612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuokkanen M, Kokkonen J, Enattah NS, Ylisaukko-Oja T, Komu H, Varilo T, Peltonen L, Savilahti E, Jarvela I |title=Mutations in the translated region of the lactase gene (LCT) underlie congenital lactase deficiency |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=339–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16400612 |pmc=1380240 |doi=10.1086/500053 |url=}}</ref> | * Characteristic findings:<ref name="pmid16400612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuokkanen M, Kokkonen J, Enattah NS, Ylisaukko-Oja T, Komu H, Varilo T, Peltonen L, Savilahti E, Jarvela I |title=Mutations in the translated region of the lactase gene (LCT) underlie congenital lactase deficiency |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=339–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16400612 |pmc=1380240 |doi=10.1086/500053 |url=}}</ref> | ||
** | ** Watery [[diarrhea]] | ||
** Medullary nephrocalcinosis | ** Medullary [[nephrocalcinosis]] | ||
** Hypercalcemia that will be ceased after one week lactose free diet | ** [[Hypercalcemia]] that will be ceased after one week lactose free diet. | ||
* More in Finnish population | * More in Finnish population | ||
*[ | ==== '''Developmental lactase deficiency''' ==== | ||
* | * Low [[lactase]] levels in [[premature]] infants that were born at 28 to 32 weeks of [[gestation]]<ref name="pmid2578223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mobassaleh M, Montgomery RK, Biller JA, Grand RJ |title=Development of carbohydrate absorption in the fetus and neonate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=75 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=160–6 |year=1985 |pmid=2578223 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[ | * Clinical lactose intolerance is uncommon because colonic flora ferment lactose to hydrogen and short chain fatty acids and then fatty acids are absorbed by the colon. | ||
**[ | |||
*[ | === '''Secondary lactose malabsorption''' === | ||
**[ | Secondary lactose malabsorption occurs as a result of the underlying intestinal diseases such as:<ref name="pmid9742907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Srinivasan R, Minocha A |title=When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=109–11, 115–6, 122–3 |year=1998 |pmid=9742907 |doi=10.3810/pgm.1998.09.577 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[ | * [[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]]: | ||
**[ | ** Fermentation of [[lactose]] in the small bowel may be increased and this leads to symptoms of lactose intolerance | ||
** Breath hydrogen levels peak very early in lactose challenge test | |||
* | * [[Small intestine|Small intestinal]] [[infection]] such as giardiasis | ||
* [[Small intestine|Small intestinal]] [[inflammation]]:<ref name="pmid24917953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misselwitz B, Pohl D, Frühauf H, Fried M, Vavricka SR, Fox M |title=Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment |journal=United European Gastroenterol J |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=151–9 |year=2013 |pmid=24917953 |pmc=4040760 |doi=10.1177/2050640613484463 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid120188073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swagerty DL, Walling AD, Klein RM |title=Lactose intolerance |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=65 |issue=9 |pages=1845–50 |year=2002 |pmid=12018807 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9219788">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mishkin B, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S |title=Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=1148–53 |year=1997 |pmid=9219788 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6895202">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirschner BS, DeFavaro MV, Jensen W |title=Lactose malabsorption in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=829–32 |year=1981 |pmid=6895202 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
* | ** It causes malabsorption through flattening of the [[Villus|villi]] of the intestinal epithelium. | ||
* | ** [[Lactase]] enzyme is affected first because it is located at the distal part of the villi. | ||
** Following are some disease that cause small intestinal inflammation: | |||
* | *** [[Whipple's disease]] ([[intestinal lipodystrophy]]) | ||
*** [[Celiac disease|Celiac sprue]] | |||
* | *** [[Tropical sprue]] | ||
*** [[Inflammatory bowel disease]] (more in pateints with [[Crohn's disease|crohn's disease]]) | |||
*** [[Drug]] induced enteritis | |||
*** [[Radiation]] induced enteritis | |||
*** Severe [[gastroenteritis]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:28, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
There is no established system for the classification of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance may be classified according to its causes into 2 groups: primary lactose malabsorption and secondary lactose malabsorption. Primary lactose malabsorption may be classified into 3 subtypes: acquired primary lactase deficiency, congenital lactase deficiency and developmental lactase deficiency. Secondary lactose malabsorption occurs as a result of the underlying intestinal diseases such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, small intestinal infection such as giardiasis and small intestinal inflammation.
Classification
| lactose intolerance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary lactose malabsorption | Secondary lactose malabsorption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquired primary lactase deficiency | Congenital lactase deficiency | Developmental lactase deficiency | Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth | Small intestinal infection | Small intestinal inflammation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- There is no established system for the classification of lactose intolerance.
- Lactose intolerance can be classified according to its causes into 2 groups:
- Primary lactose malabsorption
- Secondary lactose malabsorption
- Primary lactose malabsorption can be classified into 3 subtypes:
- Acquired primary lactase deficiency
- Congenital lactase deficiency
- Developmental lactase deficiency
Primary lactose intolerance
Acquired primary lactase deficiency ( lactase nonpersistence, adult-type hypolactasia)
- The most common cause of primary lactase malabsorbtion.
- In this type of disease, environmental and genetic factors collaborate with each other to develop lactose intolerance.
- Autosomal recessive trait.[1]
- Intestinal lactase levels are decreased at preschool age in many populations especially in Asia and Africa.
- Elevated lactase activity is maintained in Caucasians such as Northern European.
- Convergent evolution of lactase persistence is seen in some populations in Africa that domesticate cows and consume milk product into adulthood. [2]
- Persistence of intestinal lactase until adulthood is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.[3]
Congenital lactase deficiency
- Rare autosomal recessive disorder.[4]
- Absence of lactase activity since birth
- Characteristic findings:[5]
- Watery diarrhea
- Medullary nephrocalcinosis
- Hypercalcemia that will be ceased after one week lactose free diet.
- More in Finnish population
Developmental lactase deficiency
- Low lactase levels in premature infants that were born at 28 to 32 weeks of gestation[6]
- Clinical lactose intolerance is uncommon because colonic flora ferment lactose to hydrogen and short chain fatty acids and then fatty acids are absorbed by the colon.
Secondary lactose malabsorption
Secondary lactose malabsorption occurs as a result of the underlying intestinal diseases such as:[7]
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth:
- Fermentation of lactose in the small bowel may be increased and this leads to symptoms of lactose intolerance
- Breath hydrogen levels peak very early in lactose challenge test
- Small intestinal infection such as giardiasis
- Small intestinal inflammation:[8][9][10][11]
- It causes malabsorption through flattening of the villi of the intestinal epithelium.
- Lactase enzyme is affected first because it is located at the distal part of the villi.
- Following are some disease that cause small intestinal inflammation:
- Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy)
- Celiac sprue
- Tropical sprue
- Inflammatory bowel disease (more in pateints with crohn's disease)
- Drug induced enteritis
- Radiation induced enteritis
- Severe gastroenteritis
References
- ↑ Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I (2002). "Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia". Nat. Genet. 30 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1038/ng826. PMID 11788828.
- ↑ Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, Ibrahim M, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, Wray GA, Deloukas P (2007). "Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe". Nat. Genet. 39 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1038/ng1946. PMC 2672153. PMID 17159977.
- ↑ Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB (1988). "The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48 (4 Suppl): 1079–159. PMID 3140651.
- ↑ Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M (1995). "Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency". J. Pediatr. 127 (6): 920–3. PMID 8523189.
- ↑ Kuokkanen M, Kokkonen J, Enattah NS, Ylisaukko-Oja T, Komu H, Varilo T, Peltonen L, Savilahti E, Jarvela I (2006). "Mutations in the translated region of the lactase gene (LCT) underlie congenital lactase deficiency". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 339–44. doi:10.1086/500053. PMC 1380240. PMID 16400612.
- ↑ Mobassaleh M, Montgomery RK, Biller JA, Grand RJ (1985). "Development of carbohydrate absorption in the fetus and neonate". Pediatrics. 75 (1 Pt 2): 160–6. PMID 2578223.
- ↑ Srinivasan R, Minocha A (1998). "When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues". Postgrad Med. 104 (3): 109–11, 115–6, 122–3. doi:10.3810/pgm.1998.09.577. PMID 9742907.
- ↑ Misselwitz B, Pohl D, Frühauf H, Fried M, Vavricka SR, Fox M (2013). "Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment". United European Gastroenterol J. 1 (3): 151–9. doi:10.1177/2050640613484463. PMC 4040760. PMID 24917953.
- ↑ Swagerty DL, Walling AD, Klein RM (2002). "Lactose intolerance". Am Fam Physician. 65 (9): 1845–50. PMID 12018807.
- ↑ Mishkin B, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S (1997). "Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92 (7): 1148–53. PMID 9219788.
- ↑ Kirschner BS, DeFavaro MV, Jensen W (1981). "Lactose malabsorption in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease". Gastroenterology. 81 (5): 829–32. PMID 6895202.