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{{Tongue cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Effective measures for the primary prevention of tongue cancer include avoiding the use of tobacco and excessive use of alcohol.
Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of tongue cancer include avoiding the use of tobacco and excessive use of alcohol. Main methods for prevention are natural components such as: [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin E]], and [[beta-carotene]] because they are rich in trace elements and [[antioxidants]]. There is a protective effect of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables to reduce the incidence of [[leukoplakia]]. There is no effective oral cancer screening program either a general or a selected high-risk population for oral cancer in the United States. Screening high-risk individuals in developing countries could be an effective prevention strategy that lowered the stage of oral cancer at diagnosis and improved 5-year survival.
==Primary Prevention==
 
*As some of the risk factors of the tongue cancer include age, gender and family history, which cannot be controlled, not all cases of tongue cancer can be prevented. However, avoiding known risk factors such as the use of tobacco and excessive use of alcohol is the best method of tongue cancer prevention.
== Screening ==
*The best way to prevent tongue cancer recurrence is to quit tobacco and/or drinking of alcohol. While quitting alcohol and tobacco does not guarantee that you will never develop tongue cancer, it greatly reduces the risk.
* Tongue cancer [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] is not standard procedure for a health assessment.<ref name="pmid15936419">{{cite journal| author=Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Thara S, Mathew B et al.| title=Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2005 | volume= 365 | issue= 9475 | pages= 1927-33 | pmid=15936419 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66658-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15936419  }}</ref>
*Patients suitable for a chemoprevention trial may have a documented precancerous lesion or have a known risk factor for developing malignancy without having a premalignant lesion. A third group of patients are those with previously treated malignancy who are at a significant risk for developing a second primary tumor [45]. [46,47].  Most of the completed chemoprevention trials for premalignant lesions of the oral cavity and oropharynx have studied either naturally occurring compounds (vitamin A, vitamin E, beta-carotene) or synthetically derived retinoids [48-50].  '''Vitamin A, vitamin E, and beta-carotene'''   The interest in the antioxidants vitamin A, vitamin E, and beta-carotene as chemopreventive agents is due to their apparent efficacy in inducing regression of oral leukoplakia. Although these agents have been studied relatively extensively, both for primary and secondary chemoprevention, none has an established role.
* There is no effective oral cancer screening program either a general or a selected high-risk population for oral cancer in the United States.
*the protective effect of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, but with a substantial minority without these established risk factors. The protective effect of diets rich in trace elements and antioxidant vitamins is well demonstrated in many countries.
* Screening high-risk individuals in developing countries could be an effective prevention strategy that lowered the stage of oral cancer at diagnosis and improved 5-year survival.<ref name="pmid9192546">{{cite journal| author=Santana JC, Delgado L, Miranda J, Sánchez M| title=Oral Cancer Case Finding Program (OCCFP). | journal=Oral Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 10-2 | pmid=9192546 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9192546  }}</ref>
* Reports on the utility of vitamin A to treat oral leukoplakia date back to 1957, when a 90 percent response rate was described in 20 patients [51]. Subsequent trials supported the activity of vitamin A in oral leukoplakia in populations likely to be deficient in vitamin A and at risk based upon tobacco or betel nut chewing [52,53]. The applicability of these results to disease in relatively developed nations where vitamin deficiency is rare is unclear. High response rates have also been described with the administration of beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, to patients with oral leukoplakia [54-56]. In one series of 24 patients, for example, there were 15 partial and 2 complete responses with no significant toxicity [54].  However, toxicity was particularly severe in patients dosed at the higher dose of isotretinoin (2 mg/kg per day), with 47 percent of patients requiring dose reduction. Patients treated at the lower dose level (1 mg/kg per day) had less toxicity and did not require dose reduction, although most noted xeroderma and 29 percent developed conjunctivitis. Furthermore, over 50 percent of responders relapsed within three months of treatment cessation.
* [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] subjects in the subgroup who used tobacco or alcohol reduced the [[mortality rate]] from oral cancer.<ref name="pmid9307722">{{cite journal| author=Sankaranarayanan R| title=Health care auxiliaries in the detection and prevention of oral cancer. | journal=Oral Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 149-54 | pmid=9307722 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9307722  }}</ref>
 
== Prevention ==
*Avoiding known risk factors such as the use of tobacco and excessive use of alcohol is the best method of tongue cancer prevention.<ref name="pmid23422093">{{cite journal| author=Shin DM, Zhang H, Saba NF, Chen AY, Nannapaneni S, Amin AR et al.| title=Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer by simultaneous blocking of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathways: preclinical and clinical studies. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 1244-56 | pmid=23422093 | doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3149 | pmc=3693760 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23422093  }}</ref>
*Main methods for prevention are natural components such as: [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin E]], and [[beta-carotene]] beacuse they are rich in trace elements and [[antioxidants]].<ref name="pmid21893495">{{cite journal| author=Kreimer AR, Chaturvedi AK| title=HPV-associated Oropharyngeal Cancers--Are They Preventable? | journal=Cancer Prev Res (Phila) | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 9 | pages= 1346-9 | pmid=21893495 | doi=10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0379 | pmc=3326607 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21893495  }}</ref>
*There is a protective effect of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables to reduce incidence of [[leukoplakia]].<ref name="pmid3370632">{{cite journal| author=Stich HF, Hornby AP, Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair MK| title=Response of oral leukoplakias to the administration of vitamin A. | journal=Cancer Lett | year= 1988 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-101 | pmid=3370632 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3370632  }}</ref>
*Toxicity of [[isotretinoin]] is the main [[Side effects|side effect]], particularly in patients treated with doses higher than '''2 mg/kg per day'''.  
*Patients treated at the lower dose level '''(1 mg/kg per day)''' had less toxicity and did not require dose reduction.<ref name="pmid16172459">{{cite journal| author=Wirth LJ, Haddad RI, Lindeman NI, Zhao X, Lee JC, Joshi VA et al.| title=Phase I study of gefitinib plus celecoxib in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2005 | volume= 23 | issue= 28 | pages= 6976-81 | pmid=16172459 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4182 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16172459  }}</ref>
 
==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 00:17, 3 December 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2] Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]

Overview

Effective measures for the primary prevention of tongue cancer include avoiding the use of tobacco and excessive use of alcohol. Main methods for prevention are natural components such as: vitamin A, vitamin E, and beta-carotene because they are rich in trace elements and antioxidants. There is a protective effect of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables to reduce the incidence of leukoplakia. There is no effective oral cancer screening program either a general or a selected high-risk population for oral cancer in the United States. Screening high-risk individuals in developing countries could be an effective prevention strategy that lowered the stage of oral cancer at diagnosis and improved 5-year survival.

Screening

  • Tongue cancer screening is not standard procedure for a health assessment.[1]
  • There is no effective oral cancer screening program either a general or a selected high-risk population for oral cancer in the United States.
  • Screening high-risk individuals in developing countries could be an effective prevention strategy that lowered the stage of oral cancer at diagnosis and improved 5-year survival.[2]
  • Screening subjects in the subgroup who used tobacco or alcohol reduced the mortality rate from oral cancer.[3]

Prevention

  • Avoiding known risk factors such as the use of tobacco and excessive use of alcohol is the best method of tongue cancer prevention.[4]
  • Main methods for prevention are natural components such as: vitamin A, vitamin E, and beta-carotene beacuse they are rich in trace elements and antioxidants.[5]
  • There is a protective effect of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables to reduce incidence of leukoplakia.[6]
  • Toxicity of isotretinoin is the main side effect, particularly in patients treated with doses higher than 2 mg/kg per day.
  • Patients treated at the lower dose level (1 mg/kg per day) had less toxicity and did not require dose reduction.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Thara S, Mathew B; et al. (2005). "Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 365 (9475): 1927–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66658-5. PMID 15936419.
  2. ↑ Santana JC, Delgado L, Miranda J, Sánchez M (1997). "Oral Cancer Case Finding Program (OCCFP)". Oral Oncol. 33 (1): 10–2. PMID 9192546.
  3. ↑ Sankaranarayanan R (1997). "Health care auxiliaries in the detection and prevention of oral cancer". Oral Oncol. 33 (3): 149–54. PMID 9307722.
  4. ↑ Shin DM, Zhang H, Saba NF, Chen AY, Nannapaneni S, Amin AR; et al. (2013). "Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer by simultaneous blocking of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathways: preclinical and clinical studies". Clin Cancer Res. 19 (5): 1244–56. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3149. PMC 3693760. PMID 23422093.
  5. ↑ Kreimer AR, Chaturvedi AK (2011). "HPV-associated Oropharyngeal Cancers--Are They Preventable?". Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 4 (9): 1346–9. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0379. PMC 3326607. PMID 21893495.
  6. ↑ Stich HF, Hornby AP, Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair MK (1988). "Response of oral leukoplakias to the administration of vitamin A." Cancer Lett. 40 (1): 93–101. PMID 3370632.
  7. ↑ Wirth LJ, Haddad RI, Lindeman NI, Zhao X, Lee JC, Joshi VA; et al. (2005). "Phase I study of gefitinib plus celecoxib in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck". J Clin Oncol. 23 (28): 6976–81. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4182. PMID 16172459.

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