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==Overview==
==Overview==


Studies have shown that [[Gallstone disease|gallstone]] formation is mostly due to [[bile]] [[supersaturation]]. In the [[United States]], patients that present with gallbladder stones mostly have [[cholesterol]] stones. [[Cholesterol]] stones form when the [[concentration]] of cholesterol in the [[bile]] is much higher than the [[concentration]] of [[cholesterol]] that can be dissolved in the [[bile]]. Normally cholesterol is [[Metabolism|metabolized]] in the body and excess cholesterol is disposed of in the bile. There is a balance between pronucleating (crystallization-promoting) and antinucleating (crystallization-inhibiting) forces, so that gallstones don't form. When pronucleating forces take the upper hand, gallstones will form.
Studies have shown that [[Gallstone disease|gallstone]] formation is mostly due to [[bile]] [[supersaturation]]. In the [[United States]], patients that present with [[gallbladder]] stones mostly have [[cholesterol]] stones. [[Cholesterol]] stones form when the [[concentration]] of [[cholesterol]] in the [[bile]] is much higher than the [[concentration]] of [[cholesterol]] that can be dissolved in the [[bile]]. Normally [[cholesterol]] is [[Metabolism|metabolized]] in the body and excess [[cholesterol]] is disposed of in the bile. There is a balance between pronucleating (crystallization-promoting) and antinucleating (crystallization-inhibiting) forces, so that gallstones don't form. When pronucleating forces take the upper hand, gallstones will form. On the other hand, moderate intake of wine and the consumption of whole grain bread may decrease the risk of developing gallstones.
On the other hand, moderate intake of wine and the consumption of whole grain bread may decrease the risk of developing gallstones.
==Pathophysiology==
== Pathophysiology ==
The most common type of gallstone is a [[cholesterol]] stone. When pronucleating proteins are present, such as [[mucin]], the bile becomes [[Supersaturation|hypersaturated]] with [[cholesterol]] and [[cholesterol]] stones form. Gallstone disease can also be caused by a lack of [[motility]] in the muscular wall of the [[gallbladder]] or excessive [[Sphincter of Oddi|sphincter]] contraction, that prevents [[bile]] secretion. In this way the [[bile]] stagnates within the gallbladder and promotes the formation of stones. <ref name="pmid22570746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stinton LM, Shaffer EA |title=Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer |journal=Gut Liver |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=172–87 |year=2012 |pmid=22570746 |pmc=3343155 |doi=10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12242178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Indar AA, Beckingham IJ |title=Acute cholecystitis |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7365 |pages=639–43 |year=2002 |pmid=12242178 |pmc=1124163 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = McPhee | first = Stephen | title = Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine | publisher = McGraw-Hill Education Medical | location = New York | year = 2014 | isbn = 0071806008 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17981556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang HH, Portincasa P, Wang DQ |title=Molecular pathophysiology and physical chemistry of cholesterol gallstones |journal=Front. Biosci. |volume=13 |issue= |pages=401–23 |year=2008 |pmid=17981556 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1995 |month=June |title=. |journal=European Journal Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=6 |pages=585-593 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref>


*The most common type of gallstone is a [[cholesterol]] stone.<ref name="pmid22570746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stinton LM, Shaffer EA |title=Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer |journal=Gut Liver |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=172–87 |year=2012 |pmid=22570746 |pmc=3343155 |doi=10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12242178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Indar AA, Beckingham IJ |title=Acute cholecystitis |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7365 |pages=639–43 |year=2002 |pmid=12242178 |pmc=1124163 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = McPhee | first = Stephen | title = Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine | publisher = McGraw-Hill Education Medical | location = New York | year = 2014 | isbn = 0071806008 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17981556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang HH, Portincasa P, Wang DQ |title=Molecular pathophysiology and physical chemistry of cholesterol gallstones |journal=Front. Biosci. |volume=13 |issue= |pages=401–23 |year=2008 |pmid=17981556 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1995  |title=. |journal=European Journal Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=6 |pages=585-593 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref>
*When pronucleating proteins are present, such as [[mucin]], the [[bile]] becomes [[Supersaturation|hypersaturated]] with [[cholesterol]] and [[cholesterol]] stones form.
*Gallstone disease can also be caused by a lack of [[motility]] in the [[muscular]] wall of the [[gallbladder]] or excessive [[Sphincter of Oddi|sphincter]] contraction, that prevents [[bile]] secretion.
*In this way the [[bile]] stagnates within the gallbladder and promotes the formation of stones.


===Pathogenesis of Specific Stones===
===Pathogenesis of Specific Stones===


====                                                                                                            Cholesterol Stones Formation====
*[[Cholesterol]] stones are the most common type of gallstone.
*The quantity of [[cholesterol]] is balanced within the body.
*[[Cholesterol]] is an important [[Organic Chemistry|organic]] molecule that is needed for incorporation within [[Cell membrane|cell membranes]] and to produce [[Steroid hormone|steroid hormones]] in the body.


<br>
<div style="text-align: center;">'''Cholesterol Stones Formation'''<ref name="pmid22570746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stinton LM, Shaffer EA |title=Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer |journal=Gut Liver |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=172–87 |year=2012 |pmid=22570746 |pmc=3343155 |doi=10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17547709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marschall HU, Einarsson C |title=Gallstone disease |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=261 |issue=6 |pages=529–42 |year=2007 |pmid=17547709 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01783.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18579815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strasberg SM |title=Clinical practice. Acute calculous cholecystitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=26 |pages=2804–11 |year=2008 |pmid=18579815 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0800929 |url=}}</ref></div>
<br>
{| align="center"
|
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01=[[Cholesterol]] stones are the most common type of gallstone}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01=Excess [[cholesterol]] in body}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01=[[Cholesterol]] is an important [[Organic Chemistry|organic]] molecule that is needed for incorporation within [[Cell membrane|cell membranes]] and to produce [[Steroid hormone|steroid hormones]] in the body}}
{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01=The body will dispose of it by secreting it into the [[bile]]}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | C01 | | | |C01=The quantity of [[cholesterol]] is balanced within the body}}
{{Family tree | | | | C01 | | | |C01=[[Cholesterol]] [[concentration]] reaches a certain level beyond that that can be secreted into the bile}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | D01 | | | |D01=When there is excess [[cholesterol]] in the body, the body will dispose of it by secreting it into the [[bile]]}}
{{Family tree | | | | D01 | | | |D01=[[Biliary]] sludge starts to form}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | E01 | | | |E01=When the [[cholesterol]] [[concentration]] reaches a certain level beyond that that can be secreted into the bile, biliary sludge will start to form}}
{{Family tree | | | | E01 | | | |E01=[[Biliary]] sludge is a [[Viscosity|viscous]] mixture that consists of [[mucin]] [[Glycoprotein|glycoproteins]], [[Calcium|calcium deposits]] and [[cholesterol]] crystals in the gallbladder}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | F01 | | | |F01=Biliary sludge is a [[Viscosity|viscous]] mixture that consists of [[mucin]] [[Glycoprotein|glycoproteins]], [[Calcium|calcium deposits]] and [[cholesterol]] crystals in the gallbladder}}
{{Family tree | | | | F01 | | | |F01=Over time, the sludge becomes more and more concentrated with [[cholesterol]]}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | G01 | | | |G01=Over time, this sludge becomes more and more concentrated with [[cholesterol]] and eventually stones form.<ref name="pmid22570746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stinton LM, Shaffer EA |title=Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer |journal=Gut Liver |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=172–87 |year=2012 |pmid=22570746 |pmc=3343155 |doi=10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.172 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17547709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marschall HU, Einarsson C |title=Gallstone disease |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=261 |issue=6 |pages=529–42 |year=2007 |pmid=17547709 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01783.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18579815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strasberg SM |title=Clinical practice. Acute calculous cholecystitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=26 |pages=2804–11 |year=2008 |pmid=18579815 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0800929 |url=}}</ref>}}
{{Family tree | | | | G01 | | | |G01= Eventually forming gallstones}}
{{Family tree/end}}
{{Family tree/end}}
|}
====Pigment Stones====


==== Pigment Stones ====
*Less commonly, gallstones can be composed of [[bilirubin]] and are sometimes referred to as "pigment stones".<ref name="pmid2022417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trotman BW |title=Pigment gallstone disease |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=111–26 |year=1991 |pmid=2022417 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Less commonly, gallstones can be composed of [[bilirubin]] and are sometimes referred to as "pigment stones".  
*[[Bilirubin]] is a byproduct of [[red blood cell]] [[Hemolysis|breakdown]] and so are usually found in patients with [[Hemoglobinopathy|hemoglobin disorders]].
*[[Bilirubin]] is a byproduct of [[red blood cell]] [[Hemolysis|breakdown]] and so are usually found in patients with [[Hemoglobinopathy|hemoglobin disorders]].
*Pigment stones are formed via two main pathways:
*Pigment stones are formed via two main pathways:
**[[Infection]] of the biliary tree with bacteria that can release [[Hydrolysis|hydrolytic]] enzymes and form insoluble calcium salts.
**[[Infection]] of the [[biliary tree]] with [[bacteria]] that can release [[Hydrolysis|hydrolytic]] enzymes and form insoluble [[calcium]] salts.
**Nonbacterial, nonenzymatic hydrolysis of [[bilirubin]] conjugates such as what may happen in patients with [[Gilbert's syndrome]] and [[Hemolysis|chronic hemolysis]].<ref name="pmid2022417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trotman BW |title=Pigment gallstone disease |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=111–26 |year=1991 |pmid=2022417 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Non-bacterial, non-enzymatic hydrolysis of [[bilirubin]] conjugates such as what may happen in patients with [[Gilbert's syndrome]] and [[Hemolysis|chronic hemolysis]].


====Mixed Stones====
====Mixed Stones====


There is a lack of evidence that supports a true pathology to explain how mixed stones are formed. However, there have been theories that include a combination of several mechanisms including supersaturation, infection and hypomotility of the gallbladder.<ref name="pmid12242178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Indar AA, Beckingham IJ |title=Acute cholecystitis |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7365 |pages=639–43 |year=2002 |pmid=12242178 |pmc=1124163 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
*There is a lack of evidence that supports a true pathology to explain how mixed stones are formed.<ref name="pmid12242178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Indar AA, Beckingham IJ |title=Acute cholecystitis |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7365 |pages=639–43 |year=2002 |pmid=12242178 |pmc=1124163 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*However, there have been theories that include a combination of several mechanisms including supersaturation, [[infection]] and hypomotility of the [[gall bladder]].


==Associated Conditions==
==Associated Conditions==
The conditions associated with gallstone disease include:<ref name="pmid29158491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Li S, Huang Y, Fu Y, He P, Tang A, Chen J, Chen Z, Qi L, Li L |title=Gallstone Disease and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Sci Rep |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15853 |year=2017 |pmid=29158491 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-14801-2 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ortega RM, et al. |year=1997 |title=Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume= 16 |pages=88-95 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref>


*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2|Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2|Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Cholangiocarcinoma|Gallbladder cancer]]
*[[Gallbladder cancer]]
*Gallbladder [[Polyp|polyps]]
*[[Gallbladder]] [[Polyp|polyps]]
*[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis|Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
*[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis|Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
*[[Porcelain gallbladder|Porcelain gallbladder]]
*[[Porcelain gallbladder|Porcelain gallbladder]]
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**Whole grain bread
**Whole grain bread
**Fiber
**Fiber
**[[Vitamin C]]<ref name="pmid29158491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Li S, Huang Y, Fu Y, He P, Tang A, Chen J, Chen Z, Qi L, Li L |title=Gallstone Disease and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Sci Rep |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15853 |year=2017 |pmid=29158491 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-14801-2 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=R.M. Ortega |coauthors=M. Fernandez-Azuela, A. Encinas-Sotillos, P. Andres, and A. M. Lopez-Sobaler |year=1997 |month=February |title=Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume= 16 |pages=88-95 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref>
**[[Vitamin C]]
 
==Gross Pathology==


*On gross pathology, commonly multiple small stones are found and less commonly a solitary stone is seen.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ansert | first = Sandra | title = Textbook of diagnostic sonography | publisher = Elsevier | location = St. Louis, MO | year = 2018 | isbn = 978-0323353755}}</ref>


==Gross Pathology==
[[Image:Gallstone.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Cholesterol gallstones are seen. Source: commons.wikimedia.org by Noortje123 from nl, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1805918]]
*On gross pathology, commonly multiple small stones are found and less commonly a solitary stone is seen.
*The smaller stones represent a higher morbidity since they can easily occlude the [[Bile duct|biliary tracts]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Ansert | first = Sandra | title = Textbook of diagnostic sonography | publisher = Elsevier | location = St. Louis, MO | year = 2018 | isbn = 978-0323353755}}</ref>
[[Image:Gallstone.jpg|thumb|center|500px|By Noortje123 from nl, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1805918]]


==Microscopic Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
*On microscopic analysis, characteristic findings include:
 
*On microscopic analysis, characteristic findings include:<ref>{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = M. M. | title = Gallstones | publisher = Springer US | location = Boston, MA | year = 1979 | isbn = 1461570662 }}</ref>
**Transmural thickening of the gall bladder wall
**Transmural thickening of the gall bladder wall
**Neutrophilia<ref>{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = M. M. | title = Gallstones | publisher = Springer US | location = Boston, MA | year = 1979 | isbn = 1461570662 }}</ref>
**[[Neutrophilia]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category: (name of the system)]]
 
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Studies have shown that gallstone formation is mostly due to bile supersaturation. In the United States, patients that present with gallbladder stones mostly have cholesterol stones. Cholesterol stones form when the concentration of cholesterol in the bile is much higher than the concentration of cholesterol that can be dissolved in the bile. Normally cholesterol is metabolized in the body and excess cholesterol is disposed of in the bile. There is a balance between pronucleating (crystallization-promoting) and antinucleating (crystallization-inhibiting) forces, so that gallstones don't form. When pronucleating forces take the upper hand, gallstones will form. On the other hand, moderate intake of wine and the consumption of whole grain bread may decrease the risk of developing gallstones.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis of Specific Stones


Cholesterol Stones Formation[1][6][7]


 
 
 
Excess cholesterol in body
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The body will dispose of it by secreting it into the bile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cholesterol concentration reaches a certain level beyond that that can be secreted into the bile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Biliary sludge starts to form
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Biliary sludge is a viscous mixture that consists of mucin glycoproteins, calcium deposits and cholesterol crystals in the gallbladder
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Over time, the sludge becomes more and more concentrated with cholesterol
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eventually forming gallstones
 
 
 

Pigment Stones

Mixed Stones

  • There is a lack of evidence that supports a true pathology to explain how mixed stones are formed.[2]
  • However, there have been theories that include a combination of several mechanisms including supersaturation, infection and hypomotility of the gall bladder.

Associated Conditions

The conditions associated with gallstone disease include:[9][10]

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, commonly multiple small stones are found and less commonly a solitary stone is seen.[11]
Cholesterol gallstones are seen. Source: commons.wikimedia.org by Noortje123 from nl, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1805918

Microscopic Pathology

  • On microscopic analysis, characteristic findings include:[12]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stinton LM, Shaffer EA (2012). "Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer". Gut Liver. 6 (2): 172–87. doi:10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.172. PMC 3343155. PMID 22570746.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Indar AA, Beckingham IJ (2002). "Acute cholecystitis". BMJ. 325 (7365): 639–43. PMC 1124163. PMID 12242178.
  3. ↑ McPhee, Stephen (2014). Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education Medical. ISBN 0071806008.
  4. ↑ Wang HH, Portincasa P, Wang DQ (2008). "Molecular pathophysiology and physical chemistry of cholesterol gallstones". Front. Biosci. 13: 401–23. PMID 17981556.
  5. ↑ European Journal Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 6: 585–593. 1995. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ↑ Marschall HU, Einarsson C (2007). "Gallstone disease". J. Intern. Med. 261 (6): 529–42. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01783.x. PMID 17547709.
  7. ↑ Strasberg SM (2008). "Clinical practice. Acute calculous cholecystitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (26): 2804–11. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0800929. PMID 18579815.
  8. ↑ Trotman BW (1991). "Pigment gallstone disease". Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 20 (1): 111–26. PMID 2022417.
  9. ↑ Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Li S, Huang Y, Fu Y, He P, Tang A, Chen J, Chen Z, Qi L, Li L (2017). "Gallstone Disease and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes". Sci Rep. 7 (1): 15853. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14801-2. PMID 29158491.
  10. ↑ Ortega RM, et al. (1997). "Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 16: 88–95. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ↑ Ansert, Sandra (2018). Textbook of diagnostic sonography. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323353755.
  12. ↑ Fisher, M. M. (1979). Gallstones. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 1461570662.

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