Lactose intolerance causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The most common cause of lactose intolerance is acquired primary lactase deficiency. Less common causes of lactose intolerance include [[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]], [[Infection|Infections]] such as [[giardiasis]], [[Drug]] induced enteritis, [[Celiac disease|Celiac sprue]], [[Tropical sprue]], [[Whipple's disease]]. | The most common cause of lactose intolerance is acquired primary lactase deficiency. Less common causes of lactose intolerance include [[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]], [[Infection|Infections]] such as [[giardiasis]], [[Drug]] induced enteritis, [[Celiac disease|Celiac sprue]], [[Tropical sprue]], and [[Whipple's disease]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
The most common cause of lactose intolerance is | |||
*Acquired primary lactase deficiency ( lactase nonpersistence, adult-type hypolactasia)<ref name="pmid11788828">{{cite journal |vauthors=Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I |title=Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=233–7 |year=2002 |pmid=11788828 |doi=10.1038/ng826 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17159977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, Ibrahim M, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, Wray GA, Deloukas P |title=Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |year=2007 |pmid=17159977 |pmc=2672153 |doi=10.1038/ng1946 |url=}}</ref> | *Acquired primary lactase deficiency (lactase nonpersistence, adult-type hypolactasia)<ref name="pmid11788828">{{cite journal |vauthors=Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I |title=Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=233–7 |year=2002 |pmid=11788828 |doi=10.1038/ng826 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17159977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, Ibrahim M, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, Wray GA, Deloukas P |title=Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |year=2007 |pmid=17159977 |pmc=2672153 |doi=10.1038/ng1946 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
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** [[Kwashiorkor]] | ** [[Kwashiorkor]] | ||
** [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]] | ** [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]] | ||
** [[Iatrogenic]] such as [[chemotherapy]] | ** [[Iatrogenic]] causes such as [[chemotherapy]] | ||
*[[Congenital disorder|Congenital]] [[lactase]] deficiency<ref name="pmid8523189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M |title=Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=920–3 |year=1995 |pmid=8523189 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Congenital disorder|Congenital]] [[lactase]] deficiency<ref name="pmid8523189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M |title=Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=920–3 |year=1995 |pmid=8523189 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Developmental [[lactase]] deficiency<ref name="pmid2578223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mobassaleh M, Montgomery RK, Biller JA, Grand RJ |title=Development of carbohydrate absorption in the fetus and neonate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=75 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=160–6 |year=1985 |pmid=2578223 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Developmental [[lactase]] deficiency<ref name="pmid2578223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mobassaleh M, Montgomery RK, Biller JA, Grand RJ |title=Development of carbohydrate absorption in the fetus and neonate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=75 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=160–6 |year=1985 |pmid=2578223 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order. | List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order. | ||
{{columns-list | {{columns-list| | ||
*Acquired primary lactase deficiency | *Acquired primary lactase deficiency | ||
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]] | *[[Carcinoid syndrome]] | ||
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{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | [[Category:Medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:28, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
The most common cause of lactose intolerance is acquired primary lactase deficiency. Less common causes of lactose intolerance include Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Infections such as giardiasis, Drug induced enteritis, Celiac sprue, Tropical sprue, and Whipple's disease.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of lactose intolerance.
Common Causes
The most common cause of lactose intolerance is
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of lactose intolerance include:
- Secondary lactose malabsorption[3][4][5][6]
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
- Infections such as giardiasis
- Drug induced enteritis
- Radiation induced enteritis
- HIV enteropathy
- Celiac sprue
- Tropical sprue
- Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy)
- Severe gastroenteritis
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Cystic fibrosis
- Diabetic gastropathy
- Kwashiorkor
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Iatrogenic causes such as chemotherapy
- Congenital lactase deficiency[7]
- Developmental lactase deficiency[8]
Genetic Causes
- Lactose intolerance is caused by a mutation in the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) gene.[9][10][11]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Celiac sprue, |
| Drug Side Effect | Drug induced enteritis, |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Carcinoid syndrome, Diabetic gastropathy, Kwashiorkor, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Acquired primary lactase deficiency, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Drug induced enteritis, Radiation induced enteritis, HIV enteropathy, Tropical sprue, Celiac sprue, Whipple's disease, Gastroenteritis, Carcinoid syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Diabetic gastropathy, |
| Genetic | Celiac sprue, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) gene mutation |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Radiation induced enteritis, Chemotherapy |
| Infectious Disease | Infections such as giardiasis, HIV enteropathy, Tropical sprue, Whipple's disease, |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Celiac sprue, Cystic fibrosis, |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Carcinoid syndrome, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Cystic fibrosis, |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Celiac sprue |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
- Acquired primary lactase deficiency
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Congenital lactase deficiency
- Cystic fibrosis
- Developmental lactase deficiency
- Diabetic gastropathy
- Drug induced enteritis
- HIV enteropathy
- Iatrogenic such as chemotherapy
- Infections such as giardiasis
- Kwashiorkor
- lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) gene mutation
- Radiation induced enteritis
- Severe gastroenteritis
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
- Celiac sprue
- Tropical sprue
- Whipple's disease
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
References
- ↑ Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I (2002). "Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia". Nat. Genet. 30 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1038/ng826. PMID 11788828.
- ↑ Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, Ibrahim M, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, Wray GA, Deloukas P (2007). "Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe". Nat. Genet. 39 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1038/ng1946. PMC 2672153. PMID 17159977.
- ↑ Srinivasan R, Minocha A (1998). "When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues". Postgrad Med. 104 (3): 109–11, 115–6, 122–3. doi:10.3810/pgm.1998.09.577. PMID 9742907.
- ↑ Misselwitz B, Pohl D, Frühauf H, Fried M, Vavricka SR, Fox M (2013). "Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment". United European Gastroenterol J. 1 (3): 151–9. doi:10.1177/2050640613484463. PMC 4040760. PMID 24917953.
- ↑ Swagerty DL, Walling AD, Klein RM (2002). "Lactose intolerance". Am Fam Physician. 65 (9): 1845–50. PMID 12018807.
- ↑ Mishkin B, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S (1997). "Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92 (7): 1148–53. PMID 9219788.
- ↑ Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M (1995). "Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency". J. Pediatr. 127 (6): 920–3. PMID 8523189.
- ↑ Mobassaleh M, Montgomery RK, Biller JA, Grand RJ (1985). "Development of carbohydrate absorption in the fetus and neonate". Pediatrics. 75 (1 Pt 2): 160–6. PMID 2578223.
- ↑ Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I (2002). "Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia". Nat. Genet. 30 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1038/ng826. PMID 11788828.
- ↑ Kuokkanen M, Enattah NS, Oksanen A, Savilahti E, Orpana A, Järvelä I (2003). "Transcriptional regulation of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene by polymorphisms associated with adult-type hypolactasia". Gut. 52 (5): 647–52. PMC 1773659. PMID 12692047.
- ↑ Rasinperä H, Savilahti E, Enattah NS, Kuokkanen M, Tötterman N, Lindahl H, Järvelä I, Kolho KL (2004). "A genetic test which can be used to diagnose adult-type hypolactasia in children". Gut. 53 (11): 1571–6. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.040048. PMC 1774274. PMID 15479673.