Hepatic encephalopathy differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:10, 8 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

Hepatic encephalopathy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause personality changes, altered level of consciousness and jerking movement of the limbs(asterixis) such as, complicated alcohol withdrawal, Wernicke encephalopathy, alcohol intoxication, metabolic abnormalities(hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalance, hypercarbia, and uremia) ,toxic encephalopathy from drugs(sedative, salicylates, antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs), altered intracranial pressure(intracranial tumors, ,subdural hematoma, intracranial bleeding and abscesses), intoxication by chemical agents, malnutrition, hypoxia of brain, and sever intracranial or systemic infections(meningitis and encephalitis).

Differentiating Hepatic Encephalopathy from other Diseases

Hepatic encephalopathy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause personality changes, altered level of consciousness and hand tremors (asterixis). The differentials include the following:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Diseases	History and Symptoms			Physical Examination				Laboratory Findings
Diseases	Personality changes	Altered level of consciousness	Hand tremors (asterixis)	Slurred speech	Writing disturbances	Voice monotonous	Impaired memory	Elevated blood ammonia	Hyponatremia	hypokalemia
Hepatic encephalopathy	++	++	++	++	++	++	++	++	++	++
Alcohol intoxication	+	+	-/+	++	+	-	+	-	-/+	-/+
Alcohol withdrawal	+	+	-	++	+	-	+	-	-/+	-/+
Uremia	++	++	+	-/+	-/+	-/+		-	++	Hyperkalemia
Wernicke encephalopathy	+	+	-/+	+	+	+	++	-	-	-
Toxic encephalopathy from drugs	+	+	-/+	-/+	+	-/+	+	+	-/+	-/+
Altered intracranial pressure	+	-/+	-	-/+	-/+	-	-/+	-	-	-
Intoxication by chemical agents	-/+	-/+	-/+	-/+	-/+	-	-	-	-/+	-/+
Malnutrition	-/+	-	-	-	-/+	-	-/+	-	-/+	-/+
Hypoxic brain injury	-	-/+	-	-/+	-/+	-/+	-/+	-	-	-
Meningitis and encephalitis	-/+	-/+	-	-/+	+	-	-	-	-/+	-
Hypoglycemia	-/+	-/+	-	-/+	-/+	-	-	-	-/+	-/+

References

↑ Meparidze MM, Kodua TE, Lashkhi KS (2010). "[Speech impairment predisposes to cognitive deterioration in hepatic encephalopathy]". Georgian Med News (181): 43–9. PMID 20495225.
↑ Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B (2013). "Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: A systematic review". Ind Psychiatry J. 22 (2): 100–8. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.132914. PMC 4085800. PMID 25013309.
↑ Roldán J, Frauca C, Dueñas A (2003). "[Alcohol intoxication]". An Sist Sanit Navar. 26 Suppl 1: 129–39. PMID 12813481.
↑ Seifter JL, Samuels MA (2011). "Uremic encephalopathy and other brain disorders associated with renal failure". Semin Neurol. 31 (2): 139–43. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277984. PMID 21590619.
↑ Handler CE, Perkin GD (1983). "Wernicke's encephalopathy". J R Soc Med. 76 (5): 339–42. PMC 1439130. PMID 6864698.
↑ Kim Y, Kim JW (2012). "Toxic encephalopathy". Saf Health Work. 3 (4): 243–56. doi:10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.243. PMC 3521923. PMID 23251840.
↑ Hartmann A, Buttinger C, Rommel T, Czernicki Z, Trtinjiak F (1989). "Alteration of intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and carbondioxide-reactivity by hypotensive agents in baboons with intracranial hypertension". Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 32 (2): 37–43. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1053998. PMID 2497395.
↑ Kumar N (2011). "Acute and subacute encephalopathies: deficiency states (nutritional)". Semin Neurol. 31 (2): 169–83. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277986. PMID 21590622.
↑ Chiu GS, Chatterjee D, Darmody PT, Walsh JP, Meling DD, Johnson RW; et al. (2012). "Hypoxia/reoxygenation impairs memory formation via adenosine-dependent activation of caspase 1". J Neurosci. 32 (40): 13945–55. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-12.2012. PMC 3476834. PMID 23035103.
↑ Peate I (2004). "An overview of meningitis: signs, symptoms, treatment and support". Br J Nurs. 13 (13): 796–801. doi:10.12968/bjon.2004.13.13.13501. PMID 15284663.
↑ Abdelhafiz AH, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Morley JE, Sinclair AJ (2015). "Hypoglycemia in older people - a less well recognized risk factor for frailty". Aging Dis. 6 (2): 156–67. doi:10.14336/AD.2014.0330. PMC 4365959. PMID 25821643.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid20495225-1] Meparidze MM, Kodua TE, Lashkhi KS (2010). "[Speech impairment predisposes to cognitive deterioration in hepatic encephalopathy]". Georgian Med News (181): 43–9. PMID 20495225.

[pmid25013309-2] Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B (2013). "Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: A systematic review". Ind Psychiatry J. 22 (2): 100–8. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.132914. PMC 4085800. PMID 25013309.

[pmid12813481-3] Roldán J, Frauca C, Dueñas A (2003). "[Alcohol intoxication]". An Sist Sanit Navar. 26 Suppl 1: 129–39. PMID 12813481.

[pmid21590619-4] Seifter JL, Samuels MA (2011). "Uremic encephalopathy and other brain disorders associated with renal failure". Semin Neurol. 31 (2): 139–43. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277984. PMID 21590619.

[pmid6864698-5] Handler CE, Perkin GD (1983). "Wernicke's encephalopathy". J R Soc Med. 76 (5): 339–42. PMC 1439130. PMID 6864698.

[pmid23251840-6] Kim Y, Kim JW (2012). "Toxic encephalopathy". Saf Health Work. 3 (4): 243–56. doi:10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.243. PMC 3521923. PMID 23251840.

[pmid2497395-7] Hartmann A, Buttinger C, Rommel T, Czernicki Z, Trtinjiak F (1989). "Alteration of intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and carbondioxide-reactivity by hypotensive agents in baboons with intracranial hypertension". Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 32 (2): 37–43. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1053998. PMID 2497395.

[pmid21590622-8] Kumar N (2011). "Acute and subacute encephalopathies: deficiency states (nutritional)". Semin Neurol. 31 (2): 169–83. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277986. PMID 21590622.

[pmid23035103-9] Chiu GS, Chatterjee D, Darmody PT, Walsh JP, Meling DD, Johnson RW; et al. (2012). "Hypoxia/reoxygenation impairs memory formation via adenosine-dependent activation of caspase 1". J Neurosci. 32 (40): 13945–55. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-12.2012. PMC 3476834. PMID 23035103.

[pmid15284663-10] Peate I (2004). "An overview of meningitis: signs, symptoms, treatment and support". Br J Nurs. 13 (13): 796–801. doi:10.12968/bjon.2004.13.13.13501. PMID 15284663.

[pmid25821643-11] Abdelhafiz AH, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Morley JE, Sinclair AJ (2015). "Hypoglycemia in older people - a less well recognized risk factor for frailty". Aging Dis. 6 (2): 156–67. doi:10.14336/AD.2014.0330. PMC 4365959. PMID 25821643.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Hepatic encephalopathy}}
+[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hepatic_encephalopathy]]
-{{CMG}} {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{MMJ}}
 [[Category:Needs content]]
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==Overview==
-jjj
+Hepatic encephalopathy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[personality changes]], altered level of [[consciousness]] and [[jerking]] movement of the [[limbs]]([[asterixis]]) such as, complicated [[alcohol withdrawal]], [[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernicke encephalopathy]], [[alcohol intoxication]], [[Metabolic diseases|metabolic abnormalities]]([[hypoglycemia]], [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte imbalance]], [[hypercarbia]], and [[uremia]]) ,toxic [[encephalopathy]] from drugs([[sedative]], [[Salicylic acid|salicylates]], [[antidepressants]] and [[antipsychotic drugs]]), altered [[intracranial pressure]](intra[[cranial]] [[Tumor|tumors]], ,[[subdural hematoma]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|intracranial bleeding]] and [[Intracranial abscess|abscesses]]), [[intoxication]] by chemical agents, [[malnutrition]], [[hypoxia]] of brain, and sever intra[[Cranial|crania]]<nowiki/>l or systemic [[Infection|infections]]([[meningitis]] and [[encephalitis]]).
-==Differentiating X from other Diseases==
-*Hepatic encephalopathy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[personality changes]], altered level of [[consciousness]] and [[jerking]] movement of the [[limbs]]([[asterixis]]) such as, complicated [[alcohol withdrawal]], [[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernicke encephalopathy]], [[alcohol intoxication]], [[Metabolic diseases|metabolic abnormalities]]([[hypoglycemia]], [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte imbalance]], [[hypercarbia]], and [[uremia]]) ,toxic [[encephalopathy]] from drugs([[sedative]], [[Salicylic acid|salicylates]], [[antidepressants]] and [[antipsychotic drugs]]), altered [[intracranial pressure]](intra[[cranial]] [[Tumor|tumors]], ,[[subdural hematoma]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|intracranial bleeding]] and [[Intracranial abscess|abscesses]]), [[intoxication]] by chemical agents, [[malnutrition]], [[hypoxia]] of brain, and sever intra[[Cranial|crania]]<nowiki/>l or systemic [[Infection|infections]]([[meningitis]] and [[encephalitis]]).<ref name="pmid20495225">{{cite journal| author=Meparidze MM, Kodua TE, Lashkhi KS| title=[Speech impairment predisposes to cognitive deterioration in hepatic encephalopathy]. | journal=Georgian Med News | year= 2010 | volume=  | issue= 181 | pages= 43-9 | pmid=20495225 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20495225  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25013309">{{cite journal| author=Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B| title=Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: A systematic review. | journal=Ind Psychiatry J | year= 2013 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-8 | pmid=25013309 | doi=10.4103/0972-6748.132914 | pmc=4085800 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25013309  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12813481">{{cite journal| author=Roldán J, Frauca C, Dueñas A| title=[Alcohol intoxication]. | journal=An Sist Sanit Navar | year= 2003 | volume= 26 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 129-39 | pmid=12813481 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12813481  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21590619">{{cite journal| author=Seifter JL, Samuels MA| title=Uremic encephalopathy and other brain disorders associated with renal failure. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 139-43 | pmid=21590619 | doi=10.1055/s-0031-1277984 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21590619  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6864698">{{cite journal| author=Handler CE, Perkin GD| title=Wernicke's encephalopathy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1983 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 339-42 | pmid=6864698 | doi= | pmc=1439130 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6864698  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23251840">{{cite journal| author=Kim Y, Kim JW| title=Toxic encephalopathy. | journal=Saf Health Work | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-56 | pmid=23251840 | doi=10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.243 | pmc=3521923 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23251840  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2497395">{{cite journal| author=Hartmann A, Buttinger C, Rommel T, Czernicki Z, Trtinjiak F| title=Alteration of intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and carbondioxide-reactivity by hypotensive agents in baboons with intracranial hypertension. | journal=Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) | year= 1989 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 37-43 | pmid=2497395 | doi=10.1055/s-2008-1053998 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2497395  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21590622">{{cite journal| author=Kumar N| title=Acute and subacute encephalopathies: deficiency states (nutritional). | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-83 | pmid=21590622 | doi=10.1055/s-0031-1277986 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21590622  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23035103">{{cite journal| author=Chiu GS, Chatterjee D, Darmody PT, Walsh JP, Meling DD, Johnson RW et al.| title=Hypoxia/reoxygenation impairs memory formation via adenosine-dependent activation of caspase 1. | journal=J Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 32 | issue= 40 | pages= 13945-55 | pmid=23035103 | doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-12.2012 | pmc=3476834 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23035103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15284663">{{cite journal| author=Peate I| title=An overview of meningitis: signs, symptoms, treatment and support. | journal=Br J Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 13 | issue= 13 | pages= 796-801 | pmid=15284663 | doi=10.12968/bjon.2004.13.13.13501 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15284663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25821643">{{cite journal| author=Abdelhafiz AH, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Morley JE, Sinclair AJ| title=Hypoglycemia in older people - a less well recognized risk factor for frailty. | journal=Aging Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 156-67 | pmid=25821643 | doi=10.14336/AD.2014.0330 | pmc=4365959 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25821643  }} </ref>
+==Differentiating Hepatic Encephalopathy from other Diseases==
+Hepatic encephalopathy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[personality changes]], altered level of [[consciousness]] and hand [[tremors]] ([[asterixis]]). The differentials include the following:<nowiki/><ref name="pmid20495225">{{cite journal| author=Meparidze MM, Kodua TE, Lashkhi KS| title=[Speech impairment predisposes to cognitive deterioration in hepatic encephalopathy]. | journal=Georgian Med News | year= 2010 | volume=  | issue= 181 | pages= 43-9 | pmid=20495225 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20495225  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25013309">{{cite journal| author=Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B| title=Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: A systematic review. | journal=Ind Psychiatry J | year= 2013 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-8 | pmid=25013309 | doi=10.4103/0972-6748.132914 | pmc=4085800 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25013309  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12813481">{{cite journal| author=Roldán J, Frauca C, Dueñas A| title=[Alcohol intoxication]. | journal=An Sist Sanit Navar | year= 2003 | volume= 26 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 129-39 | pmid=12813481 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12813481  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21590619">{{cite journal| author=Seifter JL, Samuels MA| title=Uremic encephalopathy and other brain disorders associated with renal failure. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 139-43 | pmid=21590619 | doi=10.1055/s-0031-1277984 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21590619  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6864698">{{cite journal| author=Handler CE, Perkin GD| title=Wernicke's encephalopathy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1983 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 339-42 | pmid=6864698 | doi= | pmc=1439130 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6864698  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23251840">{{cite journal| author=Kim Y, Kim JW| title=Toxic encephalopathy. | journal=Saf Health Work | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-56 | pmid=23251840 | doi=10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.243 | pmc=3521923 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23251840  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2497395">{{cite journal| author=Hartmann A, Buttinger C, Rommel T, Czernicki Z, Trtinjiak F| title=Alteration of intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and carbondioxide-reactivity by hypotensive agents in baboons with intracranial hypertension. | journal=Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) | year= 1989 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 37-43 | pmid=2497395 | doi=10.1055/s-2008-1053998 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2497395  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21590622">{{cite journal| author=Kumar N| title=Acute and subacute encephalopathies: deficiency states (nutritional). | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-83 | pmid=21590622 | doi=10.1055/s-0031-1277986 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21590622  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23035103">{{cite journal| author=Chiu GS, Chatterjee D, Darmody PT, Walsh JP, Meling DD, Johnson RW et al.| title=Hypoxia/reoxygenation impairs memory formation via adenosine-dependent activation of caspase 1. | journal=J Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 32 | issue= 40 | pages= 13945-55 | pmid=23035103 | doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-12.2012 | pmc=3476834 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23035103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15284663">{{cite journal| author=Peate I| title=An overview of meningitis: signs, symptoms, treatment and support. | journal=Br J Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 13 | issue= 13 | pages= 796-801 | pmid=15284663 | doi=10.12968/bjon.2004.13.13.13501 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15284663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25821643">{{cite journal| author=Abdelhafiz AH, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Morley JE, Sinclair AJ| title=Hypoglycemia in older people - a less well recognized risk factor for frailty. | journal=Aging Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 156-67 | pmid=25821643 | doi=10.14336/AD.2014.0330 | pmc=4365959 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25821643  }} </ref>
 {|
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
@@ Line 27: / Line 25: @@
 !Personality changes
 !Altered level of consciousness
-!Jerking movement of the limbs(asterixis)
+!Hand tremors (asterixis)
 !Slurred speech
 !Writing disturbances
@@ Line 36: / Line 34: @@
 !hypokalemia
 |-
-|Hepatic encephalopathy
+|'''Hepatic encephalopathy'''
 | ++
 | ++
@@ Line 48: / Line 46: @@
 |<nowiki>++</nowiki>
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |alcohol intoxication
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Alcohol intoxication]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
@@ Line 60: / Line 58: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Alcohol withdrawal
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Alcohol withdrawal]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
@@ Line 72: / Line 70: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Uremia
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Uremia]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
@@ Line 82: / Line 80: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperkalemia
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Wernicke encephalopathy
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Wernicke encephalopathy]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
@@ Line 96: / Line 94: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Toxic encephalopathy from drugs
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Toxic encephalopathy]] from drugs'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
@@ Line 108: / Line 106: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Altered intracranial pressure
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Altered [[intracranial pressure]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
@@ Line 120: / Line 118: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intoxication by chemical agents
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Intoxication by chemical agents'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
@@ Line 132: / Line 130: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Malnutrition
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Malnutrition]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
@@ Line 144: / Line 142: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Hypoxia of brain
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypoxic brain injury]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
@@ Line 156: / Line 154: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Meningitis and encephalitis
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Meningitis]] and [[encephalitis]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
@@ Line 168: / Line 166: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Hypoglycemia
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypoglycemia]]'''
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/+

Hepatic encephalopathy differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:10, 8 February 2019

Overview

Differentiating Hepatic Encephalopathy from other Diseases

References

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