Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase}}
{{enzyme
{{enzyme
| Name = aromatic-<small>L</small>-amino-acid decarboxylase
| Name = Aromatic <small>L</small> amino acid decarboxylase
| EC_number = 4.1.1.28
| EC_number = 4.1.1.28
| CAS_number = 9042-64-2  
| CAS_number = 9042-64-2  
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==Reactions==
==Reactions==
AADC catalyzes several different [[decarboxylation]] reactions:<ref>{{cite web|title=AADC|url=http://www.hmdb.ca/proteins/HMDBP00278|website=Human Metabolome database|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>
AADC catalyzes several different [[decarboxylation]] reactions:<ref>{{cite web|title=AADC|url=http://www.hmdb.ca/proteins/HMDBP00278|website=Human Metabolome database|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[L-DOPA]] to [[dopamine]] - a [[neurotransmitter]]
* [[L-DOPA|<small>L</small>-DOPA]] to [[dopamine]] – a [[neurotransmitter]]
* [[L-phenylalanine]] to [[phenethylamine]] - a [[trace amine]] [[neuromodulator]]
* [[L-phenylalanine|<small>L</small>-Phenylalanine]] to [[phenethylamine]] – a [[trace amine]] [[neuromodulator]]
* [[L-tyrosine]] to [[tyramine]] - a trace amine neuromodulator
* [[L-tyrosine|<small>L</small>-Tyrosine]] to [[tyramine]] – a trace amine neuromodulator
* [[L-histidine]] to [[histamine]] - a neurotransmitter
* [[L-histidine|<small>L</small>-Histidine]] to [[histamine]] – a neurotransmitter
* [[L-tryptophan]] to [[tryptamine]] - a trace amine neuromodulator
* [[L-tryptophan|<small>L</small>-Tryptophan]] to [[tryptamine]] – a trace amine neuromodulator
* [[5-HTP]] to [[serotonin]] (5-hydroxytryptamine) - a neurotransmitter
* [[5-HTP]] to [[serotonin]] (5-hydroxytryptamine) – a neurotransmitter


The enzyme uses [[pyridoxal phosphate]], the active form of [[vitamin B6|vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]], as a [[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]].
The enzyme uses [[pyridoxal phosphate]], the active form of [[vitamin B6|vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]], as a [[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]].
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==As a rate-limiting step==
==As a rate-limiting step==
In normal [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AADC is not the [[rate-limiting step]] in either reaction. However, AADC becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with [[L-DOPA]] (such as in [[Parkinson's disease]]), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with [[5-HTP]] (such as in mild [[Clinical depression|depression]] or [[dysthymia]]).  AADC is inhibited by [[carbidopa]] outside of the [[blood brain barrier]] to inhibit the premature conversion of [[L-DOPA]] to [[dopamine]] in the treatment of [[Parkinson's]].
In normal [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AADC is not the [[rate-limiting step]] in either reaction. However, AADC becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with [[L-DOPA|<small>L</small>-DOPA]] (such as in [[Parkinson's disease]]), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with [[5-HTP]] (such as in mild [[Clinical depression|depression]] or [[dysthymia]]).  AADC is inhibited by [[carbidopa]] outside of the [[blood brain barrier]] to inhibit the premature conversion of <small>L</small>-DOPA to [[dopamine]] in the treatment of [[Parkinson's]].


In humans, AADC is also the [[rate-limiting enzyme]] in the formation of [[trace amine]]s.
In humans, AADC is also the [[rate-limiting enzyme]] in the formation of [[trace amine]]s. Deficiency of AADC is associated with various symptoms as severe developmental delay, [[oculogyric crises]] and autonomic dysfunction. The molecular and clinical spectrum of AAAC deficiency is heterogeneous. The first case of AADC deficiency was described in twin brothers 1990. Patients can be treated with [[dopamine agonists]], [[MAO inhibitors]], and [[pyridoxine]] ([[vitamin B6|vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]]).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pons R, Ford B, Chiriboga CA, Clayton PT, Hinton V, Hyland K, Sharma R, De Vivo DC | title = Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, treatment, and prognosis | journal = Neurology | volume = 62 | issue = 7 | pages = 1058–65 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 15079002 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.62.7.1058 }}</ref> Clinical phenotype and response to treatment is variable and the long-term and functional outcome is unknown. To provide a basis for improving the understanding of the epidemiology, genotype–phenotype correlation and outcome of these diseases their impact on the quality of life of patients, and for evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies a patient registry was established by the noncommercial [[International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders]] (iNTD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Patient registry|url=http://intd-online.org/}}</ref>
Deficiency of AADC is associated with various symptoms as severe developmental delay, [[oculogyric crises]] and autonomic dysfunction. The molecular and clinical spectrum of AAAC deficiency is heterogeneous. The first case of AADC deficiency was described in twin brothers 1990. Patients can be treated with [[dopamine agonists]], [[MAO inhibitors]], and [[pyridoxine]] ([[vitamin B6|vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]]).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pons R, Ford B, Chiriboga CA, Clayton PT, Hinton V, Hyland K, Sharma R, De Vivo DC | title = Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, treatment, and prognosis | journal = Neurology | volume = 62 | issue = 7 | pages = 1058–65 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 15079002 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.62.7.1058 }}</ref> Clinical phenotype and response to treatment is variable and the long-term and functional outcome is unknown. To provide a basis for improving the understanding of the epidemiology, genotype/phenotype correlation and outcome of these diseases their impact on the quality of life of patients, and for evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies a patient registry was established by the noncommercial International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders (iNTD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Patient registry|url=http://intd-online.org/}}</ref>


== Genetics ==
== Genetics ==
The [[gene]] encoding the enzyme is referred to as ''DDC'' and located on [[chromosome 7]] in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scherer LJ, McPherson JD, Wasmuth JJ, Marsh JL | title = Human dopa decarboxylase: localization to human chromosome 7p11 and characterization of hepatic cDNAs | journal = Genomics | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 469–71 | date = Jun 1992 | pmid = 1612608 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90275-W }}</ref> [[Single nucleotide polymorphism]]s and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to [[neuropsychiatric disorder]]s, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at &ndash;601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722&ndash;725 in [[exon]] 1 in relation to [[bipolar disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Børglum AD, Bruun TG, Kjeldsen TE, Ewald H, Mors O, Kirov G, Russ C, Freeman B, Collier DA, Kruse TA | title = Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 545–51 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10578236 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4000559 }}</ref> and [[autism]]. No direct correlation between gene variation and autism was found.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lauritsen MB, Børglum AD, Betancur C, Philippe A, Kruse TA, Leboyer M, Ewald H | title = Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 114 | issue = 4 | pages = 466–70 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11992572 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.10379 }}</ref>
The [[gene]] encoding the enzyme is referred to as ''DDC'' and located on [[chromosome 7]] in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scherer LJ, McPherson JD, Wasmuth JJ, Marsh JL | title = Human dopa decarboxylase: localization to human chromosome 7p11 and characterization of hepatic cDNAs | journal = Genomics | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 469–71 | date = Jun 1992 | pmid = 1612608 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90275-W }}</ref> [[Single nucleotide polymorphism]]s and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to [[neuropsychiatric disorder]]s, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at 601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722–725 in [[exon]] 1 in relation to [[bipolar disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Børglum AD, Bruun TG, Kjeldsen TE, Ewald H, Mors O, Kirov G, Russ C, Freeman B, Collier DA, Kruse TA | title = Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 545–51 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10578236 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4000559 }}</ref> and [[autism]]. No direct correlation between gene variation and autism was found.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lauritsen MB, Børglum AD, Betancur C, Philippe A, Kruse TA, Leboyer M, Ewald H | title = Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 114 | issue = 4 | pages = 466–70 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11992572 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.10379 | pmc = 4826443 }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor]], a class of anti-Parkinson drugs
* [[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor|Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor]], a class of anti-Parkinson drugs
* [[Aromatic amino acids]]
* [[Aromatic amino acids]]
* [[Histidine decarboxylase]]
* [[Histidine decarboxylase]]

Latest revision as of 21:36, 9 August 2018

Aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase
Ribbon diagram of a DOPA decarboxylase dimer.[1]
Identifiers
EC number4.1.1.28
CAS number9042-64-2
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase)
Identifiers
SymbolDDC
Entrez1644
HUGO2719
OMIM107930
RefSeqNM_000790
UniProtP20711
Other data
EC number4.1.1.28
LocusChr. 7 p11

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, is a lyase enzyme (EC 4.1.1.28).

Reactions

AADC catalyzes several different decarboxylation reactions:[2]

The enzyme uses pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, as a cofactor.

Biosynthetic pathways for catecholamines and trace amines in the human brain[3][4][5]
In humans, catecholamines and phenethylaminergic trace amines are derived from the amino acid L-phenylalanine.
Human serotonin biosynthesis pathway

As a rate-limiting step

In normal dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AADC is not the rate-limiting step in either reaction. However, AADC becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with L-DOPA (such as in Parkinson's disease), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with 5-HTP (such as in mild depression or dysthymia). AADC is inhibited by carbidopa outside of the blood brain barrier to inhibit the premature conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in the treatment of Parkinson's.

In humans, AADC is also the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of trace amines. Deficiency of AADC is associated with various symptoms as severe developmental delay, oculogyric crises and autonomic dysfunction. The molecular and clinical spectrum of AAAC deficiency is heterogeneous. The first case of AADC deficiency was described in twin brothers 1990. Patients can be treated with dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors, and pyridoxine (vitamin B6).[6] Clinical phenotype and response to treatment is variable and the long-term and functional outcome is unknown. To provide a basis for improving the understanding of the epidemiology, genotype–phenotype correlation and outcome of these diseases their impact on the quality of life of patients, and for evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies a patient registry was established by the noncommercial International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders (iNTD).[7]

Genetics

The gene encoding the enzyme is referred to as DDC and located on chromosome 7 in humans.[8] Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at 601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722–725 in exon 1 in relation to bipolar disorder[9] and autism. No direct correlation between gene variation and autism was found.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ PDB: 1JS3​; Burkhard P, Dominici P, Borri-Voltattorni C, Jansonius JN, Malashkevich VN (Nov 2001). "Structural insight into Parkinson's disease treatment from drug-inhibited DOPA decarboxylase". Nature Structural Biology. 8 (11): 963–7. doi:10.1038/nsb1101-963. PMID 11685243.
  2. ↑ "AADC". Human Metabolome database. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  3. ↑ Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines". Pharmacol. Ther. 125 (3): 363–375. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005. PMID 19948186.
  4. ↑ Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (5): 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375.
  5. ↑ Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J (February 2014). "The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 724: 211–218. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025. PMID 24374199.
  6. ↑ Pons R, Ford B, Chiriboga CA, Clayton PT, Hinton V, Hyland K, Sharma R, De Vivo DC (Apr 2004). "Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, treatment, and prognosis". Neurology. 62 (7): 1058–65. doi:10.1212/WNL.62.7.1058. PMID 15079002.
  7. ↑ "Patient registry".
  8. ↑ Scherer LJ, McPherson JD, Wasmuth JJ, Marsh JL (Jun 1992). "Human dopa decarboxylase: localization to human chromosome 7p11 and characterization of hepatic cDNAs". Genomics. 13 (2): 469–71. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90275-W. PMID 1612608.
  9. ↑ Børglum AD, Bruun TG, Kjeldsen TE, Ewald H, Mors O, Kirov G, Russ C, Freeman B, Collier DA, Kruse TA (Nov 1999). "Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder". Molecular Psychiatry. 4 (6): 545–51. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000559. PMID 10578236.
  10. ↑ Lauritsen MB, Børglum AD, Betancur C, Philippe A, Kruse TA, Leboyer M, Ewald H (May 2002). "Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 114 (4): 466–70. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10379. PMC 4826443. PMID 11992572.

External links

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