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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of stomach cancer include [[smoking cessation]], eradication of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infection, and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In areas of low gastric cancer [[incidence]] | Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[stomach cancer]] include [[smoking cessation]], eradication of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' [[infection]], and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In areas of low [[gastric cancer]], [[incidence]] and [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for [[gastric cancer]] with [[upper endoscopy]] should be reserved for specific high-risk subgroups. Individuals at increased risk for [[gastric cancer]] include [[gastric]] [[adenomas]], [[pernicious anemia]], gastric [[intestinal]] [[metaplasia]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], [[Lynch syndrome]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[Juvenile polyposis syndrome]]. | ||
==Primary prevention== | ==Primary prevention== | ||
=== Lifestyle modifications === | === Lifestyle modifications === | ||
* [[Dietary]] modification is an important approach to control gastric cancer. There is a link between [[physical inactivity]] and [[obesity]] to many types of [[cancer]]. | Lifestyle modifications include following:<ref name="pmid25505712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park JY, von Karsa L, Herrero R |title=Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: a global perspective |journal=Clin Endosc |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=478–89 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25505712 |pmc=4260094 |doi=10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.478 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Dietary]] modification is an important approach to control [[gastric cancer]]. There is a link between [[physical inactivity]] and [[obesity]] to many types of [[cancer]]. | |||
* [[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]] with low consumption of red meat, high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against many [[cancers]]. | * [[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]] with low consumption of red meat, high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against many [[cancers]]. | ||
* The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, in May 2004 to reduce deaths and diseases. | * The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, in May 2004 to reduce deaths and [[diseases]]. | ||
=== H.pylori eradication === | === H.pylori eradication === | ||
*The [[incidence]] of metachronous gastric cancer following the [[Endoscopy|endoscopic resection]] of a gastric neoplasm is known to be reduced by the eradication of [[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]] [[infection]]. | *The [[incidence]] of metachronous [[gastric cancer]] following the [[Endoscopy|endoscopic resection]] of a gastric neoplasm is known to be reduced by the eradication of [[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]] [[infection]]. <ref name="pmid25505712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park JY, von Karsa L, Herrero R |title=Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: a global perspective |journal=Clin Endosc |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=478–89 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25505712 |pmc=4260094 |doi=10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.478 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27405145">{{cite journal |vauthors=García Martín R, Matía Cubillo Á |title=[INFLUENCE OF DIET IN PRIMARY PREVENTION OF GASTRIC CANCER, IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Enferm |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=33–8 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27405145 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
== Prevention Through Screening == | |||
* In countries with a high incidence of [[gastric cancer]] such as east Asia countries, universal [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] is recommended | |||
* Japan has a high [[incidence]] of [[gastric cancer]]; therefore annual [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] via double contrast [[Barium follow-through|barium radiography]] and photofluorography every year or [[upper endoscopy]] every two to three years <ref name="pmid16232204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ohata H, Oka M, Yanaoka K, Shimizu Y, Mukoubayashi C, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, Tamai H, Arii K, Nakata H, Yoshimura N, Takeshita T, Miki K, Mohara O, Ichinose M |title=Gastric cancer screening of a high-risk population in Japan using serum pepsinogen and barium digital radiography |journal=Cancer Sci. |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=713–20 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16232204 |doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00098.x |url=}}</ref> | |||
* [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] interval is recommended to be every two years but may be extended to a three-year interval without significant difference in effect<ref name="pmid16232204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ohata H, Oka M, Yanaoka K, Shimizu Y, Mukoubayashi C, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, Tamai H, Arii K, Nakata H, Yoshimura N, Takeshita T, Miki K, Mohara O, Ichinose M |title=Gastric cancer screening of a high-risk population in Japan using serum pepsinogen and barium digital radiography |journal=Cancer Sci. |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=713–20 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16232204 |doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00098.x |url=}}</ref> | |||
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== Prevention of Hereditary Cancer == | |||
== | |||
=== Prevention === | === Prevention === | ||
* | * [[Asymptomatic]] patients with a [[family history]] of HDGC and ''CDH1'' [[mutations]] have a high probability of developing [[Signet ring cell carcinoma|signet ring cell adenocarcinoma]] of the [[stomach]]. [[Prophylactic]] total [[gastrectomy]] is recommended for patients with [[family history]] of HDGC and ''CDH1'' [[mutations]].<ref name="pmid10433926">{{cite journal| author=Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S et al.| title=Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1999 | volume= 155 | issue= 2 | pages= 337-42 | pmid=10433926 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65129-2 | pmc=1866861 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10433926 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10886930">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abreu Ed |title=[Primary prevention and detection of gastric cancer] |language=Portuguese |journal=Cad Saude Publica |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=105–108 |date=1997 |pmid=10886930 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* For patients with a ''CDH1'' [[mutation]] but who are not from an HDGC family, individualized evaluation at an experienced center before [[prophylactic]] total [[gastrectomy]] is recomended.<ref name="pmid11729114">{{cite journal| author=Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C, International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium| title=Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2001 | volume= 121 | issue= 6 | pages= 1348-53 | pmid=11729114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11729114 }}</ref> | |||
* | |||
* [[Prophylactic]] [[gastrectomy]] is often advised between age 20 and 30. | |||
* | * Some suggest timing total [[gastrectomy]] in ''CDH1'' [[mutation]] carriers at an age that is five years younger than the youngest family member who developed [[gastric cancer]].<ref name="pmid17522512">{{cite journal| author=Norton JA, Ham CM, Van Dam J, Jeffrey RB, Longacre TA, Huntsman DG et al.| title=CDH1 truncating mutations in the E-cadherin gene: an indication for total gastrectomy to treat hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 245 | issue= 6 | pages= 873-9 | pmid=17522512 | doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000254370.29893.e4 | pmc=1876967 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17522512 }}</ref> | ||
* | * Older [[patients]] are less likely to benefit from a [[prophylactic]] [[gastrectomy]] than younger patients because of a shorter life-expectancy and a higher perioperative risk.<ref name="pmid10886930">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abreu Ed |title=[Primary prevention and detection of gastric cancer] |language=Portuguese |journal=Cad Saude Publica |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=105–108 |date=1997 |pmid=10886930 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[ | * [[Patients]] who are older than 75 years should not undergo such a [[procedure]], as their mortality from the [[procedure]] outweighs their [[mortality]] from [[gastric cancer]]. | ||
* | * Decisions should be individualized based upon their [[comorbidities]] and the age of [[gastric cancer]] onset in their respective kindred.<ref name="pmid11443625">{{cite journal| author=Chun YS, Lindor NM, Smyrk TC, Petersen BT, Burgart LJ, Guilford PJ et al.| title=Germline E-cadherin gene mutations: is prophylactic total gastrectomy indicated? | journal=Cancer | year= 2001 | volume= 92 | issue= 1 | pages= 181-7 | pmid=11443625 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11443625 }}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 20:12, 25 January 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2] Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]
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Overview
Effective measures for the primary prevention of stomach cancer include smoking cessation, eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In areas of low gastric cancer, incidence and screening for gastric cancer with upper endoscopy should be reserved for specific high-risk subgroups. Individuals at increased risk for gastric cancer include gastric adenomas, pernicious anemia, gastric intestinal metaplasia, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Juvenile polyposis syndrome.
Primary prevention
Lifestyle modifications
Lifestyle modifications include following:[1]
- Dietary modification is an important approach to control gastric cancer. There is a link between physical inactivity and obesity to many types of cancer.
- Diet with low consumption of red meat, high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against many cancers.
- The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, in May 2004 to reduce deaths and diseases.
H.pylori eradication
- The incidence of metachronous gastric cancer following the endoscopic resection of a gastric neoplasm is known to be reduced by the eradication of H. pylori infection. [1][2]
Prevention Through Screening
- In countries with a high incidence of gastric cancer such as east Asia countries, universal screening is recommended
- Japan has a high incidence of gastric cancer; therefore annual screening via double contrast barium radiography and photofluorography every year or upper endoscopy every two to three years [3]
- Screening interval is recommended to be every two years but may be extended to a three-year interval without significant difference in effect[3]
Prevention of Hereditary Cancer
Prevention
- Asymptomatic patients with a family history of HDGC and CDH1 mutations have a high probability of developing signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Prophylactic total gastrectomy is recommended for patients with family history of HDGC and CDH1 mutations.[4][5]
- For patients with a CDH1 mutation but who are not from an HDGC family, individualized evaluation at an experienced center before prophylactic total gastrectomy is recomended.[6]
- Prophylactic gastrectomy is often advised between age 20 and 30.
- Some suggest timing total gastrectomy in CDH1 mutation carriers at an age that is five years younger than the youngest family member who developed gastric cancer.[7]
- Older patients are less likely to benefit from a prophylactic gastrectomy than younger patients because of a shorter life-expectancy and a higher perioperative risk.[5]
- Patients who are older than 75 years should not undergo such a procedure, as their mortality from the procedure outweighs their mortality from gastric cancer.
- Decisions should be individualized based upon their comorbidities and the age of gastric cancer onset in their respective kindred.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Park JY, von Karsa L, Herrero R (November 2014). "Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: a global perspective". Clin Endosc. 47 (6): 478–89. doi:10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.478. PMC 4260094. PMID 25505712.
- ↑ García Martín R, Matía Cubillo Á (May 2016). "[INFLUENCE OF DIET IN PRIMARY PREVENTION OF GASTRIC CANCER, IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI]". Rev Enferm (in Spanish; Castilian). 39 (5): 33–8. PMID 27405145.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ohata H, Oka M, Yanaoka K, Shimizu Y, Mukoubayashi C, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, Tamai H, Arii K, Nakata H, Yoshimura N, Takeshita T, Miki K, Mohara O, Ichinose M (October 2005). "Gastric cancer screening of a high-risk population in Japan using serum pepsinogen and barium digital radiography". Cancer Sci. 96 (10): 713–20. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00098.x. PMID 16232204.
- ↑ Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S; et al. (1999). "Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation". Am J Pathol. 155 (2): 337–42. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65129-2. PMC 1866861. PMID 10433926.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Abreu E (1997). "[Primary prevention and detection of gastric cancer]". Cad Saude Publica (in Portuguese). 13 Suppl 1: 105–108. PMID 10886930. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C, International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (2001). "Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families". Gastroenterology. 121 (6): 1348–53. PMID 11729114.
- ↑ Norton JA, Ham CM, Van Dam J, Jeffrey RB, Longacre TA, Huntsman DG; et al. (2007). "CDH1 truncating mutations in the E-cadherin gene: an indication for total gastrectomy to treat hereditary diffuse gastric cancer". Ann Surg. 245 (6): 873–9. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000254370.29893.e4. PMC 1876967. PMID 17522512.
- ↑ Chun YS, Lindor NM, Smyrk TC, Petersen BT, Burgart LJ, Guilford PJ; et al. (2001). "Germline E-cadherin gene mutations: is prophylactic total gastrectomy indicated?". Cancer. 92 (1): 181–7. PMID 11443625.