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==Overview==
==Overview==


There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for duodenal atresia. However, [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for [[down syndrome]] may show duodenal atresia during [[pregnancy]].  


OR
==Screening==


According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
*There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for duodenal atresia.


OR
===Down Syndrome Screening===
Screening for down syndrome is as follows:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Pregnancy loss rates after midtrimester amniocentesis |author=Eddleman, Keith A., ''et al'' |journal=Obstet Gynecol|year=2006|volume=108|issue=5|pages=1067–1072|url=http://www.greenjournal.org/cgi/content/short/108/5/1067 |accessdate = 2006-12-09}} PMID 17077226</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Caroline Mansfield, Suellen Hopfer, Theresa M. Marteau| title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review| year=1999| journal=Prenatal Diagnosis| volume=19| issue=9| pages=808–812| url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/65500197/ABSTRACT}} PMID 10521836 This is similar to 90% results found by {{cite journal| title=Determinants of parental decisions after the prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: Bringing in context| journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics| volume=93| issue=5| pages=410–416| year=1999| author=David W. Britt, Samantha T. Risinger, Virginia Miller, Mary K. Mans, Eric L. Krivchenia, Mark I. Evans}} PMID 10951466</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Down syndrome |author=Fackler, A |url=http://health.yahoo.com/topic/children/baby/article/healthwise/hw167989 |accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Will |first=George |title=Eugenics By Abortion: Is perfection an entitlement? |date=2005-04-14 |journal=Washington Post |pages=A37 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51671-2005Apr13.html |accessdate = 2006-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Erik Parens and Adrienne Asch |title=Disability rights critique of prenatal genetic testing: Reflections and recommendations |year=2003 |journal=Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=40–47 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/102531130/ABSTRACT| accessdate = 2006-07-03}} PMID 12587137</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Glover, NM and Glover, SJ| title=Ethical and legal issues regarding selective abortion of fetuses with Down syndrome| journal=Ment. Retard.| year=1996| volume=34| issue=4| pages=207–214| id=PMID 8828339}}</ref>


According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
*[[Genetic counseling]] is usually offered to families who may have an increased chance of having a child with [[Down syndrome]] along with:
==Screening==
**[[genetic testing]]
**[[amniocentesis]]
***Involves inserting instruments into the uterus which carry a small risk of causing [[Fetus|fetal]] injury.
**[[chorionic villus sampling]] (CVS)
***Involves inserting instruments into the uterus which carry a small risk of causing fetal injury.
**Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) are usually offered
 
*Common screening procedures for [[Down syndrome]] are given in Table 1.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Common first and second trimester Down syndrome screens
|-
!Screen
!When performed (weeks [[gestation]])
!Detection rate
![[Type I and type II errors|False positive]] rate
!Description
|-
|[[Triple test|Triple screen]]
| align="center" |15–20
| align="center" |75%
| align="center" |8.5%
|This test measures the maternal serum [[alpha-fetoprotein|alpha feto protein]] (a fetal liver protein), [[estriol]] (a pregnancy hormone), and [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG, a pregnancy hormone).<ref name="quadrate">For a current estimate of rates, see {{cite journal| author=Benn, PA, J Ying, T Beazoglou, JFX Egan| journal=Prenatal Diagnosis| volume=21| issue=1| pages=46–51| title=Estimates for the sensitivity and false-positive rates for second trimester serum screening for Down syndrome and trisomy 18 with adjustments for cross-identification and double-positive results}} PMID 11180240</ref>
|-
|[[Triple test|Quad screen]]
| align="center" |15–20
| align="center" |79%
| align="center" |7.5%
|This test measures the maternal serum [[alpha-fetoprotein|alpha feto protein]] (a fetal liver protein), [[estriol]] (a pregnancy hormone), [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG, a pregnancy hormone), and high [[inhibin]]-Alpha (INHA).<ref name="quadrate" />
|-
|[[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]]/free beta screen
| align="center" |13–22
| align="center" |80%
| align="center" |2.8%
|This test measures the [[alpha-fetoprotein|alpha feto protein]], produced by the fetus, and free beta hCG, produced by the [[placenta]].
|-
|[[Nuchal scan|Nuchal translucency]]/free beta/[[PAPPA2|PAPPA]] screen
| align="center" |10–13.5
| align="center" |91%<ref name="nasalbone">Some practices report adding Nasal Bone measurements and increasing the detection rate to 95% with a 2% False Positive Rate.</ref>
| align="center" |5%<ref name="nasalbone">Some practices report adding Nasal Bone measurements and increasing the detection rate to 95% with a 2% False Positive Rate.</ref>
|Uses [[ultrasound]] to measure [[Nuchal translucency|Nuchal Translucency]] in addition to the freeBeta [[human chorionic gonadotropin|hCG]] and PAPPA ([[pregnancy-associated plasma protein A]]).  NIH has confirmed that this first trimester test is more accurate than second trimester screening methods.<ref>NIH FASTER study (NEJM 2005 ('''353'''):2001).  See also J.L. Simplson's editorial (NEJM 2005 ('''353'''):19).</ref>
|}


*There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
[[Image:Vessie T21.JPG|thumb|right|221px|Ultrasound of fetus with Down syndrome and [[megacystis]]]]
OR
*According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
OR
*According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with:
**[Condition 1]
**[Condition 2]
**[Condition 3]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category: (name of the system)]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 19:26, 2 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2]

Overview

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for duodenal atresia. However, screening for down syndrome may show duodenal atresia during pregnancy.

Screening

  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for duodenal atresia.

Down Syndrome Screening

Screening for down syndrome is as follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

  • Genetic counseling is usually offered to families who may have an increased chance of having a child with Down syndrome along with:
    • genetic testing
    • amniocentesis
      • Involves inserting instruments into the uterus which carry a small risk of causing fetal injury.
    • chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
      • Involves inserting instruments into the uterus which carry a small risk of causing fetal injury.
    • Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) are usually offered
  • Common screening procedures for Down syndrome are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Common first and second trimester Down syndrome screens
Screen When performed (weeks gestation) Detection rate False positive rate Description
Triple screen 15–20 75% 8.5% This test measures the maternal serum alpha feto protein (a fetal liver protein), estriol (a pregnancy hormone), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, a pregnancy hormone).[7]
Quad screen 15–20 79% 7.5% This test measures the maternal serum alpha feto protein (a fetal liver protein), estriol (a pregnancy hormone), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, a pregnancy hormone), and high inhibin-Alpha (INHA).[7]
AFP/free beta screen 13–22 80% 2.8% This test measures the alpha feto protein, produced by the fetus, and free beta hCG, produced by the placenta.
Nuchal translucency/free beta/PAPPA screen 10–13.5 91%[8] 5%[8] Uses ultrasound to measure Nuchal Translucency in addition to the freeBeta hCG and PAPPA (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A). NIH has confirmed that this first trimester test is more accurate than second trimester screening methods.[9]
Ultrasound of fetus with Down syndrome and megacystis

References

  1. ↑ Eddleman, Keith A.; et al. (2006). "Pregnancy loss rates after midtrimester amniocentesis". Obstet Gynecol. 108 (5): 1067–1072. Retrieved 2006-12-09. PMID 17077226
  2. ↑ Caroline Mansfield, Suellen Hopfer, Theresa M. Marteau (1999). "Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review". Prenatal Diagnosis. 19 (9): 808–812. PMID 10521836 This is similar to 90% results found by David W. Britt, Samantha T. Risinger, Virginia Miller, Mary K. Mans, Eric L. Krivchenia, Mark I. Evans (1999). "Determinants of parental decisions after the prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: Bringing in context". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 93 (5): 410–416. PMID 10951466
  3. ↑ Fackler, A. "Down syndrome". Retrieved 2006-09-07.
  4. ↑ Will, George (2005-04-14). "Eugenics By Abortion: Is perfection an entitlement?". Washington Post: A37. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
  5. ↑ Erik Parens and Adrienne Asch (2003). "Disability rights critique of prenatal genetic testing: Reflections and recommendations". Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 9 (1): 40–47. Retrieved 2006-07-03. PMID 12587137
  6. ↑ Glover, NM and Glover, SJ (1996). "Ethical and legal issues regarding selective abortion of fetuses with Down syndrome". Ment. Retard. 34 (4): 207–214. PMID 8828339.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 For a current estimate of rates, see Benn, PA, J Ying, T Beazoglou, JFX Egan. "Estimates for the sensitivity and false-positive rates for second trimester serum screening for Down syndrome and trisomy 18 with adjustments for cross-identification and double-positive results". Prenatal Diagnosis. 21 (1): 46–51. PMID 11180240
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Some practices report adding Nasal Bone measurements and increasing the detection rate to 95% with a 2% False Positive Rate.
  9. ↑ NIH FASTER study (NEJM 2005 (353):2001). See also J.L. Simplson's editorial (NEJM 2005 (353):19).

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