Femoral hernia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
*If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop strangulation/incarceration.
If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop [[strangulation]] or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]].


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==


===Natural History===
===Natural History===
*If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop strangulation/incarceration.<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14533910">{{cite journal| author=Hachisuka T| title=Femoral hernia repair. | journal=Surg Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1189-205 | pmid=14533910 | doi=10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00120-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14533910  }} </ref>
*Femoral hernias may be small and asymptomatic during early course of the disease.
*Some individuals may have the hernia for decades without seeking medical care because of [[asymptomatic]] initial disease course.
*If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop [[strangulation]] or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]].<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14533910">{{cite journal| author=Hachisuka T| title=Femoral hernia repair. | journal=Surg Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1189-205 | pmid=14533910 | doi=10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00120-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14533910  }} </ref>
*[[Strangulation]] or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]] may lead to [[bowel]] [[necrosis]], causing [[pain]], [[erythema]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]] and [[fever]].


===Complications===
===Complications===
*Common complications of femoral hernia include:<ref name="pmid19300219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U |title=Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=249 |issue=4 |pages=672–6 |year=2009 |pmid=19300219 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819ed943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16187268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koch A, Edwards A, Haapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A |title=Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women |journal=Br J Surg |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=1553–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16187268 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5156 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16283073">{{cite journal| author=Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Okan I, Dasiran F, Guzey D, Bas G et al.| title=Femoral hernia: a review of 83 cases. | journal=Hernia | year= 2006 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-3 | pmid=16283073 | doi=10.1007/s10029-005-0045-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16283073  }} </ref>
*Common complications of femoral hernia include:<ref name="pmid19300219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U |title=Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=249 |issue=4 |pages=672–6 |year=2009 |pmid=19300219 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819ed943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16187268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koch A, Edwards A, Haapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A |title=Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women |journal=Br J Surg |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=1553–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16187268 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5156 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16283073">{{cite journal| author=Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Okan I, Dasiran F, Guzey D, Bas G et al.| title=Femoral hernia: a review of 83 cases. | journal=Hernia | year= 2006 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-3 | pmid=16283073 | doi=10.1007/s10029-005-0045-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16283073  }} </ref>
**Strangulation or Incarceration
**[[Strangulation]] or incarceration
**Bowel obstruction
**[[Bowel obstruction]]
**Intestinal necrosis
**[[Intestinal]] [[necrosis]]


===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===
*Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
*[[Prognosis]] is good, if [[surgery]] is performed in time (before the development of complications).<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref>
*Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
*The presence of [[bowel obstruction]] is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]] among patients with femoral hernia.<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref>
*The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
*[Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
*The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:44, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]

Overview

If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop strangulation or incarceration.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH (1991). "Complicated presentations of groin hernias". Am J Surg. 162 (6): 568–70, discussion 571. PMID 1670226.
  2. ↑ Hachisuka T (2003). "Femoral hernia repair". Surg Clin North Am. 83 (5): 1189–205. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00120-8. PMID 14533910.
  3. ↑ Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U (2009). "Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register". Ann. Surg. 249 (4): 672–6. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819ed943. PMID 19300219.
  4. ↑ Koch A, Edwards A, Haapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A (2005). "Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women". Br J Surg. 92 (12): 1553–8. doi:10.1002/bjs.5156. PMID 16187268.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P (2007). "Mortality after groin hernia surgery". Ann. Surg. 245 (4): 656–60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b. PMC 1877035. PMID 17414617.
  6. ↑ Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Okan I, Dasiran F, Guzey D, Bas G; et al. (2006). "Femoral hernia: a review of 83 cases". Hernia. 10 (1): 70–3. doi:10.1007/s10029-005-0045-3. PMID 16283073.

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