Anal fissure pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not fully understood but constipation or anal trauma was supposed to instigate the fissure. It is understood that anal fissure is the result of either anal trauma (by | The exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not fully understood but constipation or anal trauma was supposed to instigate the [[fissure]]. It is understood that anal fissure is the result of either anal trauma (by constipation/diarrhea), perfusion defects with ischemia caused due to increased anal pressures and decreased blood flow or increased anal sphincter tone. In 90% of the patients, anal fissures are found in posterior midline. A small tear is seen that extends from dentate line to anal verge due to ischemia/poor perfusion of the area by [[inferior rectal artery]] (during increased sphincter tone). | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
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===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
*Although constipation or anal trauma was supposed to instigate the fissure,the exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not fully understood.<ref name="pmid22379402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaghiyan KN, Fleshner P |title=Anal fissure |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=22–30 |year=2011 |pmid=22379402 |pmc=3140330 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1272820 |url=}}</ref> | *Although [[constipation]] or anal trauma was supposed to instigate the fissure,the exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not fully understood.<ref name="pmid22379402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaghiyan KN, Fleshner P |title=Anal fissure |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=22–30 |year=2011 |pmid=22379402 |pmc=3140330 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1272820 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*It is understood that anal fissure is the result of either anal trauma (by hard stools/diarrhea), perfusion defects with ischemia caused due to increased anal pressures and decreased blood flow or increased anal sphincter tone. | *It is understood that anal fissure is the result of either anal trauma (by hard stools/diarrhea), perfusion defects with ischemia caused due to increased anal pressures and decreased blood flow or increased anal [[sphincter]] tone. | ||
*In 90% of the patients, anal fissures are found in posterior midline. A small tear is seen that extends from dentate line to anal verge.<ref name="DaviesBailey2017">{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Danielle|last2=Bailey|first2=Justin|title=Diagnosis and Management of Anorectal Disorders in the Primary Care Setting|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|volume=44|issue=4|year=2017|pages=709–720|issn=00954543|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.012}}</ref> | *In 90% of the patients, anal fissures are found in posterior midline. A small tear is seen that extends from dentate line to anal verge.<ref name="DaviesBailey2017">{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Danielle|last2=Bailey|first2=Justin|title=Diagnosis and Management of Anorectal Disorders in the Primary Care Setting|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|volume=44|issue=4|year=2017|pages=709–720|issn=00954543|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.012}}</ref> | ||
*This is believed due to ischemia/poor perfusion of the area by inferior rectal artery (during increased sphincter tone).<ref name="pmid2910660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klosterhalfen B, Vogel P, Rixen H, Mittermayer C |title=Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary anal fissure |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |year=1989 |pmid=2910660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8653368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, De Graaf EJ |title=Ischaemic nature of anal fissure |journal=Br J Surg |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=63–5 |year=1996 |pmid=8653368 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="WrayIjaz2008">{{cite journal|last1=Wray|first1=D|last2=Ijaz|first2=S|last3=Lidder|first3=S|title=Anal fissure: a review|journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine|volume=69|issue=8|year=2008|pages=455–458|issn=1750-8460|doi=10.12968/hmed.2008.69.8.30742}}</ref><ref>https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902519715&origin=inward&txGid=bc936e1b0b6831da3edcca60b04ca14a</ref> | *This is believed due to ischemia/poor perfusion of the area by inferior rectal artery (during increased sphincter tone).<ref name="pmid2910660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klosterhalfen B, Vogel P, Rixen H, Mittermayer C |title=Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary anal fissure |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |year=1989 |pmid=2910660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8653368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, De Graaf EJ |title=Ischaemic nature of anal fissure |journal=Br J Surg |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=63–5 |year=1996 |pmid=8653368 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="WrayIjaz2008">{{cite journal|last1=Wray|first1=D|last2=Ijaz|first2=S|last3=Lidder|first3=S|title=Anal fissure: a review|journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine|volume=69|issue=8|year=2008|pages=455–458|issn=1750-8460|doi=10.12968/hmed.2008.69.8.30742}}</ref><ref>https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902519715&origin=inward&txGid=bc936e1b0b6831da3edcca60b04ca14a</ref> | ||
*Some studies in 1970-80 have suggested the increased tone of intenal | *Some studies in 1970-80 have suggested the increased tone of intenal [[sphincter]] as the basis of anal fissure genesis.<ref name="pmid4847701">{{cite journal| author=Nothmann BJ, Schuster MM| title=Internal anal sphincter derangement with anal fissures. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1974 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 216-20 | pmid=4847701 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4847701 }} </ref><ref name="pmid890253">{{cite journal| author=Hancock BD| title=The internal sphincter and anal fissure. | journal=Br J Surg | year= 1977 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 92-5 | pmid=890253 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=890253 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3719268">{{cite journal| author=Gibbons CP, Read NW| title=Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect? | journal=Br J Surg | year= 1986 | volume= 73 | issue= 6 | pages= 443-5 | pmid=3719268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3719268 }} </ref> | ||
*The increased internal sphincter tone also leads to decreased perfusion.<ref name="pmid22379402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaghiyan KN, Fleshner P |title=Anal fissure |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=22–30 |year=2011 |pmid=22379402 |pmc=3140330 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1272820 |url=}}</ref> | *The increased internal [[sphincter]] tone also leads to decreased perfusion.<ref name="pmid22379402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaghiyan KN, Fleshner P |title=Anal fissure |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=22–30 |year=2011 |pmid=22379402 |pmc=3140330 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1272820 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Use of anal manometry have suggested hypertonia of internal sphincter as a cause of anal fissure, and also relaxation in chronic anal fissures.<ref name="pmid8026232">{{cite journal| author=Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ| title=Relationship between anal pressure and anodermal blood flow. The vascular pathogenesis of anal fissures. | journal=Dis Colon Rectum | year= 1994 | volume= 37 | issue= 7 | pages= 664-9 | pmid=8026232 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8026232 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8181401">{{cite journal| author=Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, Bartolo DC| title=Sustained internal sphincter hypertonia in patients with chronic anal fissure. | journal=Dis Colon Rectum | year= 1994 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 424-9 | pmid=8181401 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8181401 }} </ref> | *Use of anal manometry have suggested [[hypertonia]] of internal sphincter as a cause of anal fissure, and also relaxation in chronic anal fissures.<ref name="pmid8026232">{{cite journal| author=Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ| title=Relationship between anal pressure and anodermal blood flow. The vascular pathogenesis of anal fissures. | journal=Dis Colon Rectum | year= 1994 | volume= 37 | issue= 7 | pages= 664-9 | pmid=8026232 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8026232 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8181401">{{cite journal| author=Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, Bartolo DC| title=Sustained internal sphincter hypertonia in patients with chronic anal fissure. | journal=Dis Colon Rectum | year= 1994 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 424-9 | pmid=8181401 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8181401 }} </ref> | ||
==Associated Conditions== | ==Associated Conditions== | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
* [[Syphilis]] | * [[Syphilis]] | ||
* [[HIV AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] | * [[HIV AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] | ||
* Previous anal surgery | * Previous anal [[surgery]] | ||
* [[Anal cancer]] | * [[Anal cancer]] | ||
* [[Tuberculosis]] | * [[Tuberculosis]] | ||
==Microscopic Pathology== | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, the following are characteristic findings of anal fissure: | *On microscopic histopathological analysis, the following are characteristic findings of anal fissure: | ||
** | **Presence of [[fibrosis]] at the base of the fissure when compared to normal [[internal anal sphincter]].<ref name="pmid2752854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown AC, Sumfest JM, Rozwadowski JV |title=Histopathology of the internal anal sphincter in chronic anal fissure |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=680–3 |year=1989 |pmid=2752854 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not fully understood but constipation or anal trauma was supposed to instigate the fissure. It is understood that anal fissure is the result of either anal trauma (by constipation/diarrhea), perfusion defects with ischemia caused due to increased anal pressures and decreased blood flow or increased anal sphincter tone. In 90% of the patients, anal fissures are found in posterior midline. A small tear is seen that extends from dentate line to anal verge due to ischemia/poor perfusion of the area by inferior rectal artery (during increased sphincter tone).
Pathophysiology
An anal fissure is a linear tear or superficial ulcer of the anal canal, extending from just below the dentate line to the anal margin.
Pathogenesis
- Although constipation or anal trauma was supposed to instigate the fissure,the exact pathogenesis of anal fissure is not fully understood.[2]
- It is understood that anal fissure is the result of either anal trauma (by hard stools/diarrhea), perfusion defects with ischemia caused due to increased anal pressures and decreased blood flow or increased anal sphincter tone.
- In 90% of the patients, anal fissures are found in posterior midline. A small tear is seen that extends from dentate line to anal verge.[3]
- This is believed due to ischemia/poor perfusion of the area by inferior rectal artery (during increased sphincter tone).[4][5][6][7]
- Some studies in 1970-80 have suggested the increased tone of intenal sphincter as the basis of anal fissure genesis.[8][9][10]
- The increased internal sphincter tone also leads to decreased perfusion.[2]
- Use of anal manometry have suggested hypertonia of internal sphincter as a cause of anal fissure, and also relaxation in chronic anal fissures.[11][12]
Associated Conditions
- Crohn's disease
- Syphilis
- HIV/AIDS
- Previous anal surgery
- Anal cancer
- Tuberculosis
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, the following are characteristic findings of anal fissure:
- Presence of fibrosis at the base of the fissure when compared to normal internal anal sphincter.[13]
References
- ↑ Source=http://www.surgwiki.com/wiki/File:Ch31-fig1.jpg
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zaghiyan KN, Fleshner P (2011). "Anal fissure". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 24 (1): 22–30. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1272820. PMC 3140330. PMID 22379402.
- ↑ Davies, Danielle; Bailey, Justin (2017). "Diagnosis and Management of Anorectal Disorders in the Primary Care Setting". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 44 (4): 709–720. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.012. ISSN 0095-4543.
- ↑ Klosterhalfen B, Vogel P, Rixen H, Mittermayer C (1989). "Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary anal fissure". Dis. Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 43–52. PMID 2910660.
- ↑ Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, De Graaf EJ (1996). "Ischaemic nature of anal fissure". Br J Surg. 83 (1): 63–5. PMID 8653368.
- ↑ Wray, D; Ijaz, S; Lidder, S (2008). "Anal fissure: a review". British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 69 (8): 455–458. doi:10.12968/hmed.2008.69.8.30742. ISSN 1750-8460.
- ↑ https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902519715&origin=inward&txGid=bc936e1b0b6831da3edcca60b04ca14a
- ↑ Nothmann BJ, Schuster MM (1974). "Internal anal sphincter derangement with anal fissures". Gastroenterology. 67 (2): 216–20. PMID 4847701.
- ↑ Hancock BD (1977). "The internal sphincter and anal fissure". Br J Surg. 64 (2): 92–5. PMID 890253.
- ↑ Gibbons CP, Read NW (1986). "Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect?". Br J Surg. 73 (6): 443–5. PMID 3719268.
- ↑ Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ (1994). "Relationship between anal pressure and anodermal blood flow. The vascular pathogenesis of anal fissures". Dis Colon Rectum. 37 (7): 664–9. PMID 8026232.
- ↑ Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, Bartolo DC (1994). "Sustained internal sphincter hypertonia in patients with chronic anal fissure". Dis Colon Rectum. 37 (5): 424–9. PMID 8181401.
- ↑ Brown AC, Sumfest JM, Rozwadowski JV (1989). "Histopathology of the internal anal sphincter in chronic anal fissure". Dis. Colon Rectum. 32 (8): 680–3. PMID 2752854.
