Sialolithiasis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Sialolithiasis}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Sialolithiasis]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{MJ}}  


==Overview==
==Overview==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Sialolithiasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause swelling in [[Salivary gland|salivary glands]], such as acute bacterial [[sialadenitis]], chronic bacterial [[sialadenitis]], viral [[sialadenitis]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|human immunodeficiency viru]]<nowiki/>s, [[Radiation therapy|radiation]], and systemic diseases such as, [[sarcoidosis]], and [[sjögren's syndrome]].


OR
==Differentiating Sialolithiasis from other Diseases==
Sialolithiasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause swelling in [[Salivary gland|salivary glands]], such as acute bacterial [[sialadenitis]], chronic bacterial [[sialadenitis]], viral [[sialadenitis]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|human immunodeficiency viru]]<nowiki/>s, [[Radiation therapy|radiation]], and systemic diseases such as, [[sarcoidosis]], and [[sjögren's syndrome]].<ref name="pmid24862601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delli K, Spijkervet FK, Vissink A |title=Salivary gland diseases: infections, sialolithiasis and mucoceles |journal=Monogr Oral Sci |volume=24 |issue= |pages=135–48 |year=2014 |pmid=24862601 |doi=10.1159/000358794 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid248626012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delli K, Spijkervet FK, Vissink A |title=Salivary gland diseases: infections, sialolithiasis and mucoceles |journal=Monogr Oral Sci |volume=24 |issue= |pages=135–48 |year=2014 |pmid=24862601 |doi=10.1159/000358794 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28516973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Capaccio P, Torretta S, Pignataro L, Koch M |title=Salivary lithotripsy in the era of sialendoscopy |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=113–121 |year=2017 |pmid=28516973 |pmc=5463518 |doi=10.14639/0392-100X-1600 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20824782">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallace E, Tauzin M, Hagan J, Schaitkin B, Walvekar RR |title=Management of giant sialoliths: review of the literature and preliminary experience with interventional sialendoscopy |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=1974–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20824782 |doi=10.1002/lary.21082 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid208247822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallace E, Tauzin M, Hagan J, Schaitkin B, Walvekar RR |title=Management of giant sialoliths: review of the literature and preliminary experience with interventional sialendoscopy |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=1974–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20824782 |doi=10.1002/lary.21082 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loury|first=MC|date=2006|title=Salivary gland disorder|url=|journal=Advanced Otolaryngology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2385766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raad II, Sabbagh MF, Caranasos GJ |title=Acute bacterial sialadenitis: a study of 29 cases and review |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=591–601 |year=1990 |pmid=2385766 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9747195">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvers AR, Som PM |title=Salivary glands |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=941–66, vi |year=1998 |pmid=9747195 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
===Differentiating Sialolithiasis from other Diseases table===
 
==Differentiating X from other Diseases==
*[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
*[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
*As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
 
===Preferred Table===
{|
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |Diseases
! rowspan="2" |Diseases
! colspan="4" |History and Symptoms
! colspan="7" |Symptoms and sign
! colspan="4" |Physical Examination
! colspan="2" |Laboratory Findings
! colspan="4" |Laboratory Findings
! rowspan="2" |Other Findings
! rowspan="2" |Other Findings
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Finding
!Onset
1
!Unilateral/Bilateral
!Finding 2
!Pain
!Finding 3
!Swelling
!Finding
!Tenderness
4
!Purulent discharge
!Physical Finding 1
!Common site of involvement
!Physical Finding 2
!ESR
!Physical Finding 3
!Leukocytosis
!Physical Finding 4
!Lab Test 1
!Lab Test 2
!Lab Test 3
!Lab Test 4
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Salivary gland stone
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sialolithiasis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Acute
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Submandibular gland]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑/NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑/NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radio-opaque in [[X-rays|X-ray]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sialadenitis|Acute bacterial sialadenitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''↑'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Acute
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | <nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Other sign of [[infection]] may be present
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sialadenitis|Chronic bacterial sialadenitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Other sign of [[infection]] may be present
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sialadenitis|Viral sialadenitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Acute
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bilateral
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Coryza|Coryza symptoms]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 4
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Acute
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bilateral
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Other systemic findings of [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]/ check [[ELISA]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 5
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | Radiation [[sialadenitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Acute
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Depends on the treatment field
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History of [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] in the [[salivary gland]] site
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|}
 
===Use if the above table can not be made===
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px" align="center"
| valign="top" |
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differential Diagnosis}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Similar Features}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differentiating Features}}
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 1
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Salivary gland tumor|Salivary gland tumors]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Subacute
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑/NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑/NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Advance age
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 2
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoidosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Gradual
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bilateral
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Systemic findings in other organs
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 3
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Gradual
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bilateral
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]] or [[Submandibular gland|submandibular glands]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑/NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑/NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dry eye/dry mouth
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 4
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malnutrition]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Gradual
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bilateral
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 5
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Parotid gland|Parotid]]
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Systemic findings in other organs
|}
|}


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
 
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 00:10, 30 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Overview

Sialolithiasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause swelling in salivary glands, such as acute bacterial sialadenitis, chronic bacterial sialadenitis, viral sialadenitis, human immunodeficiency virus, radiation, and systemic diseases such as, sarcoidosis, and sjögren's syndrome.

Differentiating Sialolithiasis from other Diseases

Sialolithiasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause swelling in salivary glands, such as acute bacterial sialadenitis, chronic bacterial sialadenitis, viral sialadenitis, human immunodeficiency virus, radiation, and systemic diseases such as, sarcoidosis, and sjögren's syndrome.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Differentiating Sialolithiasis from other Diseases table

Diseases Symptoms and sign Laboratory Findings Other Findings
Onset Unilateral/Bilateral Pain Swelling Tenderness Purulent discharge Common site of involvement ESR Leukocytosis
Sialolithiasis Acute Unilateral + + + - Submandibular gland ↑/NL ↑/NL Radio-opaque in X-ray
Acute bacterial sialadenitis Acute Unilateral + + + + Parotid ↑ ↑ Other sign of infection may be present
Chronic bacterial sialadenitis Chronic Unilateral + + - +/- Parotid ↑ ↑ Other sign of infection may be present
Viral sialadenitis Acute Bilateral + + + - Parotid ↑ ↑ Coryza symptoms
Human immunodeficiency virus Acute Bilateral + + - - Parotid NL NL Other systemic findings of HIV/ check ELISA
 Radiation sialadenitis Acute Unilateral + + + - Depends on the treatment field NL NL History of radiation in the salivary gland site
Salivary gland tumors Subacute Unilateral - + - - Parotid ↑/NL ↑/NL Advance age
Sarcoidosis Gradual Bilateral - + - - Parotid ↑ ↑ Systemic findings in other organs
Sjögren's syndrome Gradual Bilateral +/- + - - Parotid or submandibular glands ↑/NL ↑/NL Dry eye/dry mouth
Malnutrition Gradual Bilateral +/- + - - Parotid NL NL Systemic findings in other organs

References

  1. ↑ Delli K, Spijkervet FK, Vissink A (2014). "Salivary gland diseases: infections, sialolithiasis and mucoceles". Monogr Oral Sci. 24: 135–48. doi:10.1159/000358794. PMID 24862601.
  2. ↑ Delli K, Spijkervet FK, Vissink A (2014). "Salivary gland diseases: infections, sialolithiasis and mucoceles". Monogr Oral Sci. 24: 135–48. doi:10.1159/000358794. PMID 24862601.
  3. ↑ Capaccio P, Torretta S, Pignataro L, Koch M (2017). "Salivary lithotripsy in the era of sialendoscopy". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 37 (2): 113–121. doi:10.14639/0392-100X-1600. PMC 5463518. PMID 28516973.
  4. ↑ Wallace E, Tauzin M, Hagan J, Schaitkin B, Walvekar RR (2010). "Management of giant sialoliths: review of the literature and preliminary experience with interventional sialendoscopy". Laryngoscope. 120 (10): 1974–8. doi:10.1002/lary.21082. PMID 20824782.
  5. ↑ Wallace E, Tauzin M, Hagan J, Schaitkin B, Walvekar RR (2010). "Management of giant sialoliths: review of the literature and preliminary experience with interventional sialendoscopy". Laryngoscope. 120 (10): 1974–8. doi:10.1002/lary.21082. PMID 20824782.
  6. ↑ Loury, MC (2006). "Salivary gland disorder". Advanced Otolaryngology.
  7. ↑ Raad II, Sabbagh MF, Caranasos GJ (1990). "Acute bacterial sialadenitis: a study of 29 cases and review". Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (4): 591–601. PMID 2385766.
  8. ↑ Silvers AR, Som PM (1998). "Salivary glands". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 36 (5): 941–66, vi. PMID 9747195.

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