Ileus causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of ileus include [[surgery]] (major [[abdominal]] & non-abdominal operations), [[metabolic]] and [[electrolyte disturbances]] ([[hyponatremia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypocalcemia]] and [[hypomagnesemia]]), [[Endocrine disorders|endocrinological disorders]] (such as [[diabetes]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], and [[adrenal insufficiency]]), [[Systemic diseases|systemic disorders]] (such as [[myocardial infarction]], [[pneumonia]], [[renal failure]]) [[trauma]], [[sepsis]], [[drugs]] (such as [[opiates]], [[Anticholinergics|anticholinergic agents]], [[autonomic]] blockers, [[tricyclic antidepressants]] and [[General anaesthesia|general anesthesia]]).
Common causes of [[ileus]] include [[surgery]] (major [[Abdomen|abdominal]] & non-[[Abdomen|abdominal]] [[surgery|surgeries]]), [[metabolism|metabolic]] and [[electrolyte disturbances]] (such as [[hyponatremia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypocalcemia]] and [[hypomagnesemia]]), [[Endocrine disorders]] (such as [[diabetes]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], and [[adrenal insufficiency]]), [[Systemic diseases|systemic disorders]] (such as [[myocardial infarction]], [[pneumonia]], [[renal failure]]), [[trauma]], [[sepsis]], and [[drugs]] (such as [[opiates]], [[Anticholinergics|anticholinergic agents]], [[autonomic]] blockers, [[tricyclic antidepressants]] and [[general anesthesia]]).


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
The common causes of ileus include:<ref name="pmid28985845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Funder JA, Tolstrup R, Jepsen BN, Iversen LH |title=Postoperative paralytic ileus remains a problem following surgery for advanced pelvic cancers |journal=J. Surg. Res. |volume=218 |issue= |pages=167–173 |year=2017 |pmid=28985845 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.044 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28261776">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aday U, Gündeş E, Değer KC, Çiyiltepe H, Kayıpmaz Ş, Duman M |title=A rare cause of ileus: late jejunal stricture following blunt abdominal trauma |journal=Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=74–76 |year=2017 |pmid=28261776 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27999957">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stakenborg N, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Boeckxstaens GE |title=Postoperative Ileus: Pathophysiology, Current Therapeutic Approaches |journal=Handb Exp Pharmacol |volume=239 |issue= |pages=39–57 |year=2017 |pmid=27999957 |doi=10.1007/164_2016_108 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28025959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boobés K, Rosa RM, Batlle D |title=Hypokalemia associated with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction in an ESRD patient |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=87 (2017) |issue=3 |pages=152–156 |year=2017 |pmid=28025959 |doi=10.5414/CN109002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27870743">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL |title=Epidural Local Anesthetics Versus Opioid-Based Analgesic Regimens for Postoperative Gastrointestinal Paralysis, Vomiting, and Pain After Abdominal Surgery: A Cochrane Review |journal=Anesth. Analg. |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=1591–1602 |year=2016 |pmid=27870743 |doi=10.1213/ANE.0000000000001628 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27073081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drake TM, Ward AE |title=Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1253–64 |year=2016 |pmid=27073081 |doi=10.1007/s11605-016-3140-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14978625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baig MK, Wexner SD |title=Postoperative ileus: a review |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=516–26 |year=2004 |pmid=14978625 |doi=10.1007/s10350-003-0067-9 |url=}}</ref>
The common causes of [[ileus]] include:<ref name="pmid28985845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Funder JA, Tolstrup R, Jepsen BN, Iversen LH |title=Postoperative paralytic ileus remains a problem following surgery for advanced pelvic cancers |journal=J. Surg. Res. |volume=218 |issue= |pages=167–173 |year=2017 |pmid=28985845 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.044 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28261776">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aday U, Gündeş E, Değer KC, Çiyiltepe H, Kayıpmaz Ş, Duman M |title=A rare cause of ileus: late jejunal stricture following blunt abdominal trauma |journal=Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=74–76 |year=2017 |pmid=28261776 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27999957">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stakenborg N, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Boeckxstaens GE |title=Postoperative Ileus: Pathophysiology, Current Therapeutic Approaches |journal=Handb Exp Pharmacol |volume=239 |issue= |pages=39–57 |year=2017 |pmid=27999957 |doi=10.1007/164_2016_108 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28025959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boobés K, Rosa RM, Batlle D |title=Hypokalemia associated with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction in an ESRD patient |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=87 (2017) |issue=3 |pages=152–156 |year=2017 |pmid=28025959 |doi=10.5414/CN109002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27870743">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL |title=Epidural Local Anesthetics Versus Opioid-Based Analgesic Regimens for Postoperative Gastrointestinal Paralysis, Vomiting, and Pain After Abdominal Surgery: A Cochrane Review |journal=Anesth. Analg. |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=1591–1602 |year=2016 |pmid=27870743 |doi=10.1213/ANE.0000000000001628 |url=}}</ref>
* Any [[abdominal]] [[surgery]]
* Any [[abdomen|abdominal]] [[surgery]]
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
* [[Acute pancreatitis]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Mechanical ventilation]]
* [[Mechanical ventilation]]
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* [[Uremia]]
* [[Uremia]]
* Uro[[sepsis]]
* Uro[[sepsis]]
* Trauma
* [[Trauma]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''[[Circulatory system|Cardiovascular]]'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Heart Attack]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Heart Attack]]
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''[[Dermatology|Dermatologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Anticholinergic drugs, [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Antihistamines]], [[Benzatropine]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ioxilan]],[[Lanthanum carbonate]], [[Loperamide]], [[meclofenamate]],[[Meropenem]], [[Morphine]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Opiates]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Vinblastine]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anticholinergic|Anticholinergic drugs]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Oxycodone]], [[H1 antihistamine|Antihistamines]], [[Benzatropine]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ioxilan]],[[Lanthanum carbonate]], [[Loperamide]], [[meclofenamate]],[[Meropenem]], [[Morphine]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Opiates]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Vinblastine]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-  
|-  
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''[[Endocrine system|Endocrine]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetic]] [[coma]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[diabetes|Diabetic]] [[coma]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
|-  
|-  
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''[[Gastroenterology|Gastroenterologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Adenomatous polyps, [[Annular pancreas]], [[Appendicitis]], [[Atresia]], Biliary calculus, [[Cholecystitis]], [[Cholecystolithiasis]], [[Colon Cancer]], Complications of intra-abdominal surgery, [[Congenital megacolon]], [[Crohn's Disease]], Diverticular [[stricture]], [[Diverticulitis]], [[Gallstone ileus]], [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]], [[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall, [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Hernia]], [[Incarcerated hernia]], [[Intestinal ischaemia]], Intrabdominal [[hematoma]], [[intussusception ]] , [[Megacolon]], [[Mesenteric infarction]], [[Mesenteric ischemia]], Multiple polyposis syndromes, [[Superior mesenteric artery]] occlusion, Ulcer perforation, [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Volvulus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Adenomatous]] polyps, [[Annular pancreas]], [[Appendicitis]], [[Atresia]], [[Cholelithiasis|Biliary calculus]], [[Cholecystitis]], [[Cholecystolithiasis]], [[Colon Cancer]], [[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] of intra-[[abdominal]] [[surgery]], [[Congenital megacolon]], [[Crohn's Disease]], Diverticular [[stricture]], [[Diverticulitis]], [[Gallstone ileus]], [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]], [[Hematoma]] of the [[intestine|bowel]] wall, [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Hernia]], [[Incarcerated hernia]], [[Intestinal ischaemia]], [[abdomen|Intrabdominal]] [[hematoma]], [[Intussusception ]] , [[Megacolon]], [[Mesenteric infarction]], [[Mesenteric ischemia]], [[Familial adenomatous polyposis|Multiple polyposis syndromes]], [[Superior mesenteric artery]] occlusion, [[Ulcer]] [[Gastrointestinal perforation|perforation]], [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Volvulus]]  
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''[[Genetics]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hirschprung's disease]], [[Imperforate anus]], Malrotation, [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hirschprung's disease]], [[Imperforate anus]], [[Intestinal malrotation|Malrotation]], [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''[[Hematology|Hematologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lymphoma]], [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lymphoma]], [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''[[Iatrogenesis|Iatrogenic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Abdominal [[surgery]], [[adhesions]], [[Anastomotic]] leaks, [[Joint]] or [[spine]] surgery, [[Laparotomy]], Postoperative, [[Surgery]] complication, Surgical [[anastomosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Abdominal]] [[surgery]], [[Adhesions]], [[Anastomotic]] leaks, [[Joint]] or [[spine]] [[surgery]], [[Laparotomy]], Postoperative, [[Surgery]] [[Complication (medicine)|complication]], [[Surgery|Surgical]] [[anastomosis]]


|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''[[Infectious Disease]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[ Peritonitis ]] , Abdominal [[infections]], Abdominopelvic [[abscess]], Ascariades, [[Botulism]], [[Infections]], Intrabdominal [[abscess]], intraperitoneal [[infection]], [[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[spine]], [[Pancreatitis]], Perinephric [[abscess]], [[Peritonitis]], [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Psoas]] [[abscess]], [[Sepsis]], Severe generalized [[infections ]] , [[Tuberculosis]], Urosepsis
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[ Peritonitis ]] , [[abdomen|Abdominal]] [[infections]], Abdominopelvic [[abscess]], [[Ascariasis]], [[Botulism]], [[Infection]], Intrabdominal [[abscess]], intraperitoneal [[infection]], [[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[Spinal cord]], [[Pancreatitis]], Perinephric [[abscess]], [[Peritonitis]], [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Psoas]] [[abscess]], [[Sepsis]], Severe generalized [[infections ]] , [[Tuberculosis]], Uro[[sepsis]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''[[Musculoskeletal system|Musculoskeletal]]/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''[[Neurology|Neurologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Spinal cord]] inflammation, [[Spinal cord injury]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Spinal cord]] [[inflammation]], [[Spinal cord injury]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''[[Nutrition|Nutritional]]/[[metabolism|Metabolic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''[[Obstetrics|Obstetric]]/[[Category:Gynecology|Gynecologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Endometriosis]], [[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]], [[Pregnancy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Endometriosis]], [[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]], [[Pregnancy]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''[[Oncology|Oncologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cancer]], [[Peritoneal carcinomatosis]], [[Sarcoma]], [[lymphoma]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cancer]], [[Peritoneal carcinomatosis]], [[Sarcoma]], [[lymphoma]]  
|
|
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''[[Ophthalmology|Ophthalmologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''[[Overdose]]/[[Toxicity]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''[[Psychiatry|Psychiatric]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''[[lung|Pulmonary]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mechanical ventilation]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mechanical ventilation]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''[[kidney|Renal]]/[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acid-base imbalance disturbance]], [[Hypokalaemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[Kidney diseases]], [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Renal colic]],
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acid-base imbalance disturbance]], [[Hypokalaemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[Kidney diseases]], [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Renal colic]],
[[Uremia]]
[[Uremia]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''[[Rheumatology]]/[[Immunology]]/[[Allergy]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Connective tissue disease]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[Scleroderma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Connective tissue disease]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[Scleroderma]]
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''[[Trauma]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Injury or trauma to abdomin , Injury to the abdominal blood supply , Penetrating wounds
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Injury]] or [[trauma]] to [[abdomen]] , [[Injury]] to the [[abdominal]] [[blood]] supply , [[trauma|Penetrating wounds]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''[[Urology|Urologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Apoplexy]], [[Burns]], [[Cysts]], Disorders that affect muscle function, [[foreign bodies ]] , [[Radiation]] induced [[stenosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Apoplexy]], [[Burns]], [[Cysts]], Disorders that affect [[muscle]] function, [[foreign bodies ]] , [[Radiation]] induced [[stenosis]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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*[[Anastomotic]] leaks
*[[Anastomotic]] leaks
*[[Annular pancreas]]
*[[Annular pancreas]]
*[[Anticholinergic]] drugs
*[[Anticholinergic]] [[drugs]]
*[[Antihistamines]]
*[[Antihistamines]]
*[[Apoplexy]]
*[[Apoplexy]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*Ascariades
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Atresia]]
*[[Atresia]]
*[[Biliary]] calculus
*[[Biliary]] calculus
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*[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
*[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
*[[Colon Cancer]]
*[[Colon Cancer]]
*Complications of intra-abdominal surgery
*[[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] of intra-[[abdomen|abdominal]] [[surgery]]
*[[Congenital megacolon]]
*[[Congenital megacolon]]
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*[[Crohn's Disease]]
*[[Crohn's Disease]]
*[[Cysts]]
*[[Cysts]]
*Diabetic [[coma]]
*[[diabetes|Diabetic]] [[coma]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*Disorders that affect muscle function
*Disorders that affect [[muscle]] function
*Diverticular [[stricture]]
*Diverticular [[stricture]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
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*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
*[[Heart Attack]]
*[[Heart Attack]]
*[[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall
*[[Hematoma]] of the [[intestine|bowel]] wall
*[[Hemoperitoneum]]
*[[Hemoperitoneum]]
*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]
*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]
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*[[Incarcerated hernia]]
*[[Incarcerated hernia]]
*[[Infections]]
*[[Infections]]
*Injury or trauma to abdomin
*[[Injury]] or [[trauma]] to [[abdomen]]
*Injury to the abdominal blood supply
*[[Injury]] to the [[abdomen|abdominal]] [[blood]] supply
*[[Intestinal ischaemia]]
*[[Intestinal ischaemia]]
*Intrabdominal [[abscess]]
*Intrabdominal [[abscess]]
*Intrabdominal [[hematoma]]
*Intrabdominal [[hematoma]]
*intraperitoneal [[infection]]
*intraperitoneal [[infection]]
*[[intussusception ]]
*[[intussusception]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Joint]] or [[spine]] surgery
*[[Joint]] or [[spine]] [[surgery]]
*[[Kidney diseases]]
*[[Kidney diseases]]
*[[Laparotomy]]
*[[Laparotomy]]
*[[Lead poisoning]]
*[[Lead poisoning]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*Malrotation
*[[Intestinal malrotation|Malrotation]]
*[[Mechanical ventilation]]
*[[Mechanical ventilation]]
*[[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
*[[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
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*[[Metabolic]] disturbances
*[[Metabolic]] disturbances
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Morphine]]
*Multiple polyposis syndromes
*[[Familial adenomatous polyposis|Multiple polyposis syndromes]]
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Narcotic ]]
*[[Narcotic]]
*[[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]]
*[[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]]
*[[neoplasms]]
*[[neoplasms]]
*[[Opiates]]
*[[Opiates]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[spine]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[spinal cord|spine]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*Penetrating wounds
*[[trauma|Penetrating wounds]]
*Perinephric [[abscess]]
*Perinephric [[abscess]]
*[[Peritoneal carcinomatosis]]
*[[Peritoneal carcinomatosis]]
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*Psoas [[abscess]]
*Psoas [[abscess]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*Radiation induced [[stenosis]]
*[[Radiation]] induced [[stenosis]]
*[[Renal colic]]
*[[Renal colic]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
Line 243: Line 243:
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Superior mesenteric artery]] occlusion
*[[Superior mesenteric artery]] occlusion
*Surgery complication
*[[Surgery]] [[Complication (medicine)|complication]]
*[[Surgical anastomosis]]
*[[Surgical anastomosis]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thallium]]
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*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Uremia]]
*Urosepsis
*Uro[[sepsis]]
*[[Volvulus]]
*[[Volvulus]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
{{EndMultiCol}}


==Causes based on type of obstruction==
==Causes based on type of obstruction==
Earlier, the term ileus was used to describe temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis. In the recent times, the term "ileus" has been modified to include temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis in the ''absence of mechanical obstruction''. However, in order to include all the causes, we are hereby including all the causes which may lead to cessation of intestinal peristalsis. The list as below:
Earlier, the term [[ileus]] was used to describe temporary cessation of [[intestine|intestinal]] [[peristalsis]]. In the recent times, the term "[[ileus]]" has been modified to include temporary cessation of [[intestine|intestinal]] [[peristalsis]] in the ''absence of [[bowel obstruction|mechanical obstruction]]''. However, in order to include all the causes, we are hereby including all the causes which may lead to cessation of [[intestine|intestinal]] [[peristalsis]]. The list as below:


=== Mechanical Obstruction ===
=== Mechanical Obstruction ===
* Adenomatous polyps
* [[Villous adenoma|Adenomatous polyps]]
* Adhesions
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]
* Adhesive bands
* Adhesive bands
* Annular [[pancreas]]
* [[Annular pancreas]]
* Ascariades
* [[Ascariasis]]
* [[Atresia]]
* [[Atresia]]
* Biliary calculus
* [[Calculus (medicine)|Biliary calculus]]
* Bowel duplication
* [[intestine|Bowel]] duplication
* [[Carcinomatosis]]
* [[Carcinomatosis]]
* [[Colon Cancer]]
* [[Colon Cancer]]
* Congenital [[megacolon]]
* [[Congenital disorder|Congenital]] [[megacolon]]
* [[Crohn's Disease]]
* [[Crohn's Disease]]
* Cysts
* [[cyst|Cysts]]
* Diverticular stricture
* Diverticular stricture
* [[Diverticulitis]]
* [[Diverticulitis]]
* [[Endometriosis]]
* [[Endometriosis]]
* Foreign body
* [[Foreign body]]
* [[Gallstone]] ileus
* [[Gallstone]] [[ileus]]
* Hematoma of the bowel wall
* [[Hematoma]] of the [[intestine|bowel]] wall
* [[Hernia]]
* [[Hernia]]
* Hirschprung's disease
* [[Hirschprung's disease]]
* Iatrogenic
* [[Iatrogenic]]
* Imperforate anus
* [[Imperforate anus]]
* Incarcerated hernia
* [[hernia|Incarcerated hernia]]
* Inflammatory
* [[inflammation|Inflammatory]]
* Intrabdominal abscess
* Intrabdominal [[abscess]]
* Intrabdominal hematoma
* Intrabdominal [[hematoma]]
* Invagination, intussisception
* [[Invagination]], [[Intussusception]]
* [[Ischemia]]
* [[Ischemia]]
* Malrotation
* [[Intestinal malrotation|Malrotation]]
* [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
* [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
* Megacolon
* [[Megacolon]]
* Multiple polyposis syndromes
* [[Familial adenomatous polyposis|Multiple polyposis syndromes]]
* Neoplasm
* [[Neoplasm]]
* [[Ovarian Cancer]]
* [[Ovarian Cancer]]
* Pneumatosis intestinalis
* [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
* Postoperative
* Postoperative
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Radiation]] induced stenosis
* [[Radiation]] induced [[stenosis]]
* [[Sarcoma]]
* [[Sarcoma]]
* [[Scleroderma]]
* [[Scleroderma]]
* Surgical anastomosis
* [[surgery|Surgical]] [[Anastomosis|anastomosis]]
* Therapy with dietary fiber
* [[Therapy]] with [[dietary fiber]]
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
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=== Non-Mechanical Obstruction ===
=== Non-Mechanical Obstruction ===
* Acid-base imbalance
* [[Acid-base imbalance]]
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
* Anticholinergics
* [[Anticholinergic|Anticholinergics]]
* Antihistamines
* [[H1 antihistamine|Antihistamines]]
* Apoplexy
* [[Apoplexy]]
* [[Brain tumor]]
* [[Brain tumor]]
* [[Cancer]]
* [[Cancer]]
* [[Catecholamines]]
* [[Catecholamines]]
* [[Cholecystolithiasis]]
* [[Cholecystolithiasis]]
* Connective tissue disease
* [[Connective tissue disease]]
* Diabetic [[coma]]
* [[diabetes|Diabetic]] [[coma]]
* [[Empyema]]
* [[Empyema]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
Line 326: Line 326:
* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
* [[Morphine]]
* [[Morphine]]
* Narcotics
* [[narcotic|Narcotics]]
* [[Osteomyelitis]] of the spine
* [[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[spinal cord|spine]]
* [[Ovarian torsion]]
* [[Ovarian torsion]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* Penetrating wounds
* [[trauma|Penetrating wounds]]
* Perinephric [[abscess]]
* Perinephric [[abscess]]
* Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
* [[Peritoneum|Peritoneal]] [[carcinomatosis]]
* [[Peritonitis]]
* [[Peritonitis]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
Line 341: Line 341:
* [[Renal colic]]
* [[Renal colic]]
* [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* Spinal cord inflammation
* [[Spinal cord]] [[inflammation]]
* Spinal cord injury
* [[Spinal cord]] [[injury]]
* Spinal cord trauma
* [[Spinal cord]] [[trauma]]
* Systemic [[infection]]
* Systemic [[infection]]
* [[Testicular torsion]]
* [[Testicular torsion]]
* Ulcer perforation
* [[gastrointestinal perforation|Ulcer perforation]]
* [[Uremia]]
* [[Uremia]]
* Uro[[sepsis]]
* Uro[[sepsis]]
* Vitamin deficiency
* [[Avitaminosis|Vitamin deficiency]]


=== Pseudo-Obstruction ===
=== Pseudo-Obstruction ===
* Aerophagia
* [[Aerophagia]]
* Functional bowel disease
* Functional [[intestine|bowel]] disease


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


​​
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 13:11, 21 January 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Common causes of ileus include surgery (major abdominal & non-abdominal surgeries), metabolic and electrolyte disturbances (such as hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia), Endocrine disorders (such as diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency), systemic disorders (such as myocardial infarction, pneumonia, renal failure), trauma, sepsis, and drugs (such as opiates, anticholinergic agents, autonomic blockers, tricyclic antidepressants and general anesthesia).

Causes

Common Causes

The common causes of ileus include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Heart Attack
Chemical/Poisoning Lead poisoning, Thallium
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Anticholinergic drugs, Acetaminophen, Oxycodone, Antihistamines, Benzatropine, Ixabepilone, Ioxilan,Lanthanum carbonate, Loperamide, meclofenamate,Meropenem, Morphine, Olanzapine, Opiates, Pramipexole, Vinblastine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperparathyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Adenomatous polyps, Annular pancreas, Appendicitis, Atresia, Biliary calculus, Cholecystitis, Cholecystolithiasis, Colon Cancer, Complications of intra-abdominal surgery, Congenital megacolon, Crohn's Disease, Diverticular stricture, Diverticulitis, Gallstone ileus, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Hematoma of the bowel wall, Hemoperitoneum, Hernia, Incarcerated hernia, Intestinal ischaemia, Intrabdominal hematoma, Intussusception , Megacolon, Mesenteric infarction, Mesenteric ischemia, Multiple polyposis syndromes, Superior mesenteric artery occlusion, Ulcer perforation, Ulcerative colitis, Volvulus
Genetics Hirschprung's disease, Imperforate anus, Malrotation, Meckel's Diverticulum
Hematologic Lymphoma, Retroperitoneal hematoma
Iatrogenic Abdominal surgery, Adhesions, Anastomotic leaks, Joint or spine surgery, Laparotomy, Postoperative, Surgery complication, Surgical anastomosis
Infectious Disease Peritonitis , Abdominal infections, Abdominopelvic abscess, Ascariasis, Botulism, Infection, Intrabdominal abscess, intraperitoneal infection, Osteomyelitis of the Spinal cord, Pancreatitis, Perinephric abscess, Peritonitis, Pneumatosis intestinalis, Pneumonia, Psoas abscess, Sepsis, Severe generalized infections , Tuberculosis, Urosepsis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Spinal cord inflammation, Spinal cord injury
Nutritional/Metabolic Acute intermittent porphyria
Obstetric/ Endometriosis, Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, Pregnancy
Oncologic Cancer, Peritoneal carcinomatosis, Sarcoma, lymphoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Mechanical ventilation
Renal/Electrolyte Acid-base imbalance disturbance, Hypokalaemia, Hypomagnesemia, Kidney diseases, Pyelonephritis, Renal colic,

Uremia

Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Connective tissue disease, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Scleroderma
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Injury or trauma to abdomen , Injury to the abdominal blood supply , Penetrating wounds
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Apoplexy, Burns, Cysts, Disorders that affect muscle function, foreign bodies , Radiation induced stenosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Causes based on type of obstruction

Earlier, the term ileus was used to describe temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis. In the recent times, the term "ileus" has been modified to include temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis in the absence of mechanical obstruction. However, in order to include all the causes, we are hereby including all the causes which may lead to cessation of intestinal peristalsis. The list as below:

Mechanical Obstruction

Non-Mechanical Obstruction

Pseudo-Obstruction

References

  1. ↑ Funder JA, Tolstrup R, Jepsen BN, Iversen LH (2017). "Postoperative paralytic ileus remains a problem following surgery for advanced pelvic cancers". J. Surg. Res. 218: 167–173. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.044. PMID 28985845.
  2. ↑ Aday U, Gündeş E, Değer KC, Çiyiltepe H, Kayıpmaz Ş, Duman M (2017). "A rare cause of ileus: late jejunal stricture following blunt abdominal trauma". Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 23 (1): 74–76. PMID 28261776.
  3. ↑ Stakenborg N, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Boeckxstaens GE (2017). "Postoperative Ileus: Pathophysiology, Current Therapeutic Approaches". Handb Exp Pharmacol. 239: 39–57. doi:10.1007/164_2016_108. PMID 27999957.
  4. ↑ Boobés K, Rosa RM, Batlle D (2017). "Hypokalemia associated with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction in an ESRD patient". Clin. Nephrol. 87 (2017) (3): 152–156. doi:10.5414/CN109002. PMID 28025959.
  5. ↑ Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL (2016). "Epidural Local Anesthetics Versus Opioid-Based Analgesic Regimens for Postoperative Gastrointestinal Paralysis, Vomiting, and Pain After Abdominal Surgery: A Cochrane Review". Anesth. Analg. 123 (6): 1591–1602. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001628. PMID 27870743.

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