|
|
(15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| | |
| | {{Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome}} |
|
| |
|
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} |
| | |
| | |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| | |
| | ==Historical Perspective== |
| | [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event]. |
| | |
| | The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event]. |
| | |
| | In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----. |
| | |
| | In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name]. |
| | |
| | ==Classification== |
| | There is no established system for the classification of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. |
| | [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: |
| | According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name]. |
| | |
| | ==Pathophysiology== |
| | The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | |
| | [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype. |
| | |
| | ==Causes== |
| Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3]. | | Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3]. |
|
| |
|
Line 17: |
Line 93: |
| The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]]. | | The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]]. |
|
| |
|
| ==Causes== | | ==Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases== |
| ===Common Causes=== | | [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. |
| ====Central Cyanosis====
| | |
| There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25604592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank DB, Hanna BD |title=Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome: current practice in pediatrics |journal=Minerva Pediatr. |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=169–85 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25604592 |pmc=4382100 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22482063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V |title=Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges |journal=ISRN Pediatr |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=175931 |date= 2011 |pmid=22482063 |pmc=3317242 |doi=10.5402/2011/175931 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21462449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serino G, Giacomazzi F |title=[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease] |language=Italian |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=274–9 |date= 2010 |pmid=21462449 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7073040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry S |title=Methemoglobinemia |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=214–21 |date=April 1982 |pmid=7073040 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15342970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM |title=Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=265–73 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15342970 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
| | OR |
| *'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
| | |
| **[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
| | [Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. |
| **[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
| | |
| **Hydrogen [[cyanide poisoning]]
| | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
| **Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, [[Propane]], [[methane]], [[Butane|butane,]] [[Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]])
| | The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide. |
| *'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: [[Altitude sickness|High altitude]]'''
| | |
| *'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:'''
| | OR |
| **External compression
| | |
| **[[Pneumothorax]]
| | In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. |
| **[[Hemothorax]]
| | |
| **[[Flail chest]]
| | OR |
| *'''Hypoventilation:'''
| | |
| **'''Upper airway obstruction:'''
| | In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%. |
| ***[[Foreign body aspiration]]
| | |
| ***[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]]
| | |
| ***[[Epiglottitis]]
| | |
| ***[[Tracheitis]] mostly bacterial
| | Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name]. |
| ***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
| | |
| ***Congenital airway abnormalities:
| | OR |
| ****[[Choanal atresia]]
| | |
| ****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
| | The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years. |
| ****[[Macroglossia]]
| | |
| ****[[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
| | OR |
| **'''Neurologic abnormalities:'''
| | |
| ***[[CNS depression]]
| | [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age. |
| ***Severe head trauma
| | |
| ***[[Apnea of prematurity]]
| | OR |
| ***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]])
| | |
| ***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
| | [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group]. |
| ***[[Seizure|Seizures]]
| | |
| ***Cyanotic breath holding spells
| | OR |
| ***[[Coma]]
| | |
| **'''Neuromuscular disorders:'''
| | [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group]. |
| *** [[Myasthenia gravis]]
| | |
| ***Injury to the phrenic nerve
| | |
| ***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
| | |
| **'''Metabolic disorders:'''
| | There is no racial predilection to [disease name]. |
| ***Severe [[hypoglycemia]]
| | |
| ***In born errors of metabolism
| | OR |
| *'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:'''
| | |
| **[[Asthma]]
| | [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name]. |
| **[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| | |
| **[[Atelectasis]]
| | |
| **[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia]]
| | |
| **[[emphysema]] or [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]
| | [Disease name] affects men and women equally. |
| **[[Pulmonary edema]]
| | |
| **Pulmonary hypoplasia
| | OR |
| **[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
| | |
| **[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease)
| | [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1. |
| **[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
| | |
| *'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:'''
| | |
| **[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
| | |
| **[[Pulmonary edema]]
| | The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region]. |
| *[[Pneumonia]]
| | |
| *[[Bronchiolitis]]
| | OR |
| *[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
| | |
| *[[Cystic fibrosis]]
| | [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2]. |
| *[[Empyema]]
| | |
| *'''Vascular causes:'''
| | ==Risk Factors== |
| **'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):'''
| | There are no established risk factors for [disease name]. |
| ***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:'''
| | |
| ****[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]]
| | OR |
| ****Tricuspid valve anomalies:
| | |
| *****[[Tricuspid atresia]]
| | The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. |
| *****[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
| | |
| *****[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]]
| | OR |
| ****[[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] (critical valvular)
| | |
| ****[[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact ventricular septum
| | Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. |
| ***'''Increased pulmonary flow:'''
| | |
| ****[[TGA]] (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
| | OR |
| ****[[Truncus arteriosus]]
| | |
| ****[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
| | Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral. |
| ***'''Heart failure:''' Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
| | |
| ****Left sided obstructive lesion ([[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]])
| | ==Screening== |
| ****[[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]]
| | There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy]. |
| ****Critical valvular [[aortic stenosis]]
| | |
| **'''[[Eisenmenger's syndrome|Eisenmenger syndrome]]'''
| | OR |
| **'''Pulmonary causes:'''
| | |
| ***[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
| | According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended. |
| ***[[Pulmonary edema]]
| | |
| ***[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
| | OR |
| ***[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| | |
| ***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
| | According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3]. |
| ***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
| | |
| **'''[[Shock]]'''
| | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== |
| **'''[[Sepsis]]'''
| | If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3]. |
| **'''[[Acute chest syndrome]]'''
| | |
| *'''Hematologic abnormalities:'''
| | OR |
| **[[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired)
| | |
| **[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired)
| | Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3]. |
| **Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas, Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
| | |
| **[[Polycythemia]]
| | OR |
| *Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
| | |
| | Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%. |
| | |
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | ===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== |
| | The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | ===History and Symptoms=== |
| | The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. |
| | |
| | ===Physical Examination=== |
| | Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | ===Laboratory Findings=== |
| | An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | ===Electrocardiogram=== |
| | There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | ===X-ray=== |
| | There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3]. |
| | |
| | ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== |
| | There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3]. |
| | |
| | ===CT scan=== |
| | There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3]. |
| | |
| | ===MRI=== |
| | There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3]. |
| | |
| | ===Other Imaging Findings=== |
| | There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== |
| | There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3]. |
| | |
| | ==Treatment== |
| | ===Medical Therapy=== |
| | There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | [Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2]. |
| | |
| | ===Surgery=== |
| | Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3] |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy]. |
| | |
| | ===Primary Prevention=== |
| | There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | There are no available vaccines against [disease name]. |
| | |
| | OR |
| | |
| | Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3]. |
| | |
| | OR |
|
| |
|
| ====Peripheral Cyanosis====
| | [Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3]. |
| There following are some of the Common causes of Peripheral Cyanosis: <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref>
| |
| *Various conditions that cause central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis.
| |
| *[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]]
| |
| *Decreased cardiac output ([[Congestive heart failure|Left sided heart failure]], [[shock]] or [[hypovolemia]])
| |
| *[[Acrocyanosis]]
| |
| *[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
| |
| *Arterial obstruction [[Peripheral arterial disease|(Peripheral vascular disease]])
| |
| *Venous obstruction ([[Thromboembolism]])
| |
| *Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Life Threatening Causes=== | | ===Secondary Prevention=== |
| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
| | There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name]. |
| {{MultiCol|80%}}
| |
| *[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Cardiac tamponade]]
| |
| *[[Cyanide poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
| |
| *[[Epiglottitis]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene glycol]]
| |
| *[[Foreign body aspiration]]
| |
| *[[Hemothorax]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Malathion]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
| |
| *[[Parathion]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| *[[Tension pneumothorax]]
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| | OR |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[acrocyanosis]], [[air embolism]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[alveolar capillary dysplasia ]], [[aortic arch anomalies|aortic arch defects]], [[aortic coarctation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[thromboembolism|arterial occlusion]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]], [[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]], [[blue baby syndrome]], [[Buergers disease]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor biloculare]], [[cor triatriatum]], [[coronary artery anomaly]], [[aortic stenosis|critical valvular aortic stenosis]], [[Crocq disease]], [[cyanotic congenital heart disease]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[double inlet left ventricle]], [[double outlet right ventricle]], [[Ebstein anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[heart attack]], [[hemothorax]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[hypovolemia]], [[hypoxemia]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[intermittent claudication]], [[ischemic heart disease]], isolated ventriculoarterial discordance, [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], Kugel-Stoloff syndrome, [[laryngeal edema]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[mitral atresia|mitral atresia in infants]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[atrioventricular canal|partial atrioventricular canal]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[pulmonary hypertension classification|persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]], [[persistent truncus arteriosus]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]], [[TAPVC|pulmonary venous return anomaly]], [[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|right ventricle hypoplasia]], [[right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]], [[shock]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[pulmonary stenosis|subpulmonary stenosis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[TAPVC]], [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[tricuspid atresia]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[truncus arteriosus]], vascular malposition, [[vascular rings]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-trinitrotoluene]], [[4-Nitrophenol]], [[list of poisonous plants|anchovy poisoning]], [[aniline]], [[anisidine]], [[antifreeze]], [[list of poisonous plants|apple seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|apricot seed poisoning]], [[arsine|arsine gas]], [[list of poisonous plants|bird cherry seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|bitter almond seed poisoning]], [[snakebites|brown snake poisoning]], [[carbamates]], [[chlorate salts]], [[chlorobenzene]], [[mercury|chronic mercury exposure]], clupeotoxin, [[cyanide poisoning]], [[demeton-S-methyl]], [[diazinon]], [[dichlorvos]], [[dicrotophos]], [[dinitrocresol]], [[dioxathion]], [[disulfoton]], [[endosulfan]], [[epichlorohydrin]], [[ethion]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[ethylene oxide]], [[ethylene]], [[fensulfothion]], [[fenthion]], [[methylmercury|herring poisoning]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[iron poisoning]], [[mimicry|lantana poisoning]], [[lead]], [[malathion]], [[methidathion]], [[methiocarb]], [[methomyl]], [[organophosphate poisoning]], [[paraquat]], [[parathion]], [[phosdrin]], [[profenofos]], [[propane]], [[snakebites|sea snake venom]], [[silver iodide]], [[silver nitrate]], [[silver]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[snakebites]], stachybotrys chartarum exposure, [[strychnine]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[terbufos]], [[pyrophosphate|tetraethyl pyrophosphate]], [[tetrodotoxin]], [[thioglycolic acid]], [[trichloroethylene]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrodynia]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[angioneurotic edema]], [[chromhidrosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[amiodarone]], [[amyl nitrite]], [[benzocaine]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[beta blockers]],[[bicisate dihydrochloride]], [[bufotenin]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine]], [[clonazepam]], [[clorazepate]], [[codeine]], [[dapsone]], [[desmopressin]], [[diazepam]], [[dilaudid]], [[gray baby syndrome]], [[hydrocodone]], [[hydroquinone]], [[ibuprofen]], [[Imipenem-Cilastatin]],[[lorazepam]], [[lortab]], maternal sedation, [[meperidine]], [[methadone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[midazolam]], [[morphine]], [[narcotics]], [[nitrates]], [[nitrazepam]], [[nitrites]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[oxazepam]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[phenol]], [[phenothiazines]], [[primaquine ]], [[ribavirin]], [[rifampin]], [[sedatives]], [[sulfonamides]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Choanal atresia]], [[epiglottitis]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[macroglossia]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[micrognathia]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[retrognathia]], [[craniofacial anomalies|syndromic microphthalmia type 9]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal hemorrhage]], [[congenital hyperinsulinism]], [[hypoadrenalism]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[Liddle's syndrome|pseudoaldosteronism]], [[hyperchloremic acidosis|type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asbestosis]], [[berylliosis]], [[coal worker's pneumoconiosis]], [[cold exposure]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[insect sting allergy]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|silicosiderosis]], [[silicosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Boerhaave syndrome]], [[Cast syndrome]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[congenital diaphragmatic hernia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[duodenal atresia]], [[esophageal atresia]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[acrocephalopolysyndactyly]], [[acrofacial dysostosis]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], [[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|chromosome 22q11 deletion]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 ]], [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[VLCAD deficiency]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]], [[cystic hygroma]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[phlegmasia alba dolens]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mendelson's syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]], [[anthracosis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[bordetella pertussis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[legionellosis]], [[legionnaire's disease]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[melioidosis]], [[meningitis]], [[pertussis]], [[sepsis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcal group B invasive disease ]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[western equine encephalitis]], [[whooping cough]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adams–Oliver syndrome]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[thoracic dystrophy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adams-Oliver syndrome]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[birth asphyxia]], [[cerebral hypoxia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[encephalitis]], [[head trauma]], [[cerebral hypoxia|hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[meningitis]], [[monomelic amyotrophy]], [[mountain sickness]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[phrenic nerve|phrenic nerve injury]], [[seizure]], [[sleep apnea]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[tonic-clonic seizures]], [[vein of Galen|vein of Galen aneurysm]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]], [[western equine encephalitis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Meadows syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cystic hygroma]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Drug overdose]], [[heroin]], [[phosdrin]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[shaken baby syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrocyanosis]], [[acute interstitial pneumonitis]], air leak syndromes, [[airway obstruction]], [[alveolar capillary dysplasia]], [[angioneurotic edema]], [[apnea of prematurity]], [[aspiration]], [[asthma]], [[atelectasis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[bronchiolitis]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[bronchospasm]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[chronic bronchitis]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[chylothorax]], [[community-acquired pneumonia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]], [[congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia]], [[Crocq disease]], [[croup]], [[cystic fibrosis]], diaphragmatic paralysis, [[emphysema]], [[empyema]], [[epiglottitis]], erythrocyanosis, [[exercise-induced asthma]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[interstitial fibrosis|familial interstitial fibrosis ]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[fibrosing alveolitis]], [[flail chest]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]], [[hemothorax]], [[hyaline membrane disease]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[hypoventilation]], [[hypoxemia]], [[hypoxia (medical)]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[tracheal stenosis|idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis ]], [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]], [[infantile apnea]], [[interstitial lung disease]], laryngeal cleft, [[laryngeal edema]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type ]], [[lobar emphysema]], [[lung abscess]], Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[meconium aspiration syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[mountain sickness]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[pleural effusion]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary artery sling]], [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hemorrhage]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[respiratory depression]], [[respiratory distress syndrome]], [[respiratory failure]], respiratory muscle paralysis, [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[sleep apnea]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[spontaneous pneumothorax]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[surfactant deficient disease|surfactant metabolism dysfunction]], [[tension pneumothorax]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheal stenosis]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[transient tachypnea of the newborn]], [[unilateral pulmonary agenesis]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[whooping cough]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[dehydration]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypermagnesemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioneurotic edema]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[Buergers disease]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[insect sting allergy]], [[laryngeal edema]], [[lupus]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[Raynaud's disease]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Flail chest]], [[head trauma]], [[hemothorax]], [[chest trauma|penetrating chest wounds]], [[shaken baby syndrome]], [[electrical injury|thermal injury]],
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Choking]], [[drowning]], [[strangling|hanging]], [[high altitude]], [[hypothermia]], [[immobility]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
| | Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3]. |
| {{col-begin|width=80%}}
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[1p36 deletion syndrome]]
| |
| *[[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene]]
| |
| *[[4-Nitrophenol]]
| |
| *[[Aberrant subclavian artery]]
| |
| *[[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]]
| |
| *[[Acrocephalopolysyndactyly]]
| |
| *[[Acrocyanosis]]
| |
| *[[Acrodynia]]
| |
| *[[Acrofacial dysostosis]]
| |
| *[[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]]
| |
| *[[Acute interstitial pneumonitis]]
| |
| *[[Adams-Oliver syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Air embolism]]
| |
| *Air leak syndromes
| |
| *[[Airway obstruction ]]
| |
| *Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome
| |
| *[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia ]]
| |
| *[[Amiodarone]]
| |
| *[[Amyl nitrite]]
| |
| *[[list of poisonous plants|Anchovy poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Angioneurotic edema]]
| |
| *[[Aniline]]
| |
| *[[Anisidine]]
| |
| *[[Anthracosis]]
| |
| *[[Antifreeze]]
| |
| *[[aortic arch anomalies|Aotic arch defects]]
| |
| *[[Aortic coarctation]]
| |
| *[[Aortic stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Apnea of prematurity]]
| |
| *[[list of poisonous plants|Apple seed poisoning]]
| |
| *[[list of poisonous plants|Apricot seed poisoning]]
| |
| *[[arsine|Arsine gas]]
| |
| *[[thromboembolism|Arterial occlusion]]
| |
| *[[Asbestosis]]
| |
| *[[Aspiration]]
| |
| *[[Asthma]]
| |
| *[[Atelectasis]]
| |
| *[[Atrial myxoma]]
| |
| *[[Atrial septal defect]]
| |
| *[[Bacterial tracheitis]]
| |
| *[[Benign familial neonatal convulsions]]
| |
| *[[Benzocaine]]
| |
| *[[Benzodiazepines]]
| |
| *[[Berylliosis]]
| |
| *[[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]]
| |
| *[[Beta blockers]]
| |
| *[[Bicisate dihydrochloride]]
| |
| *[[Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome]]
| |
| *[[list of poisonous plants|Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Birth asphyxia]]
| |
| *[[list of poisonous plants|Bitter almond poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Blalock-Taussig shunt]]
| |
| *[[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Blood transfusion]]
| |
| *[[Blue baby syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Boerhaave syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Bordetella pertussis]]
| |
| *[[Bronchiectasis]]
| |
| *[[Bronchiolitis]]
| |
| *[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
| |
| *[[Bronchospasm]]
| |
| *[[Buergers disease]]
| |
| *[[snakebites|Brown snake poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Bufotenin]]
| |
| *[[Carbamates]]
| |
| *[[Cardiac tamponade]]
| |
| *[[Cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| *[[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]]
| |
| *[[Cast syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
| |
| *[[Chloramphenicol]]
| |
| *[[Chlorate salts]]
| |
| *[[Chlorobenzene]]
| |
| *[[Chloroquine]]
| |
| *[[Choanal atresia]]
| |
| *[[Choking]]
| |
| *[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Cholesterol pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[Chromhidrosis]]
| |
| *[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|Chromosome 22q11 deletion]]
| |
| *[[Chronic bronchitis]]
| |
| *[[mercury|Chronic mercury exposure]]
| |
| *[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
| |
| *[[Chylothorax]]
| |
| *[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
| |
| *[[Clonazepam]]
| |
| *[[Clorazepate]]
| |
| *Clupeotoxin
| |
| *[[Coal worker's pneumoconiosis]]
| |
| *[[Codeine]]
| |
| *[[Cold exposure]]
| |
| *[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]]
| |
| *[[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
| |
| *[[Congenital heart disease]]
| |
| *[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]
| |
| *[[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ]]
| |
| *[[Congestive heart failure]]
| |
| *[[Cor biloculare]]
| |
| *[[Cor triatriatum]]
| |
| *[[Coronary artery anomaly]]
| |
| *[[aortic stenosis|Critical valvular aortic stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Crocq disease]]
| |
| *[[Croup]]
| |
| *[[Cyanide poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Cyanotic congenital heart disease]]
| |
| *[[Cystic fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Cystic hygroma]]
| |
| *[[Dapsone]]
| |
| *[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
| |
| *[[Dehydration]]
| |
| *[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
| |
| *[[Desmopressin]]
| |
| *Diaphragmatic paralysis
| |
| *[[Diazepam]]
| |
| *[[Diazinon]]
| |
| *[[Dichlorvos]]
| |
| *[[Dicrotophos]]
| |
| *[[DiGeorge syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Dilaudid]]
| |
| *[[Dinitrocresol]]
| |
| *[[Dioxathion]]
| |
| *Diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency
| |
| *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
| |
| *[[Disulfoton]]
| |
| *[[Double inlet left ventricle]]
| |
| *[[Double outlet right ventricle]]
| |
| *[[Drowning]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Drug overdose]]
| |
| *[[Duodenal atresia]]
| |
| *[[Ebstein anomaly]]
| |
| *[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Emphysema]]
| |
| *[[Empyema]]
| |
| *[[Encephalitis]]
| |
| *[[Endosulfan]]
| |
| *[[Epichlorohydrin]]
| |
| *[[Epiglottitis]]
| |
| *Erythrocyanosis
| |
| *[[Esophageal atresia]]
| |
| *[[Ethion]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene glycol]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene oxide]]
| |
| *[[Exercise-induced asthma]]
| |
| *[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
| |
| *[[interstitial fibrosis|Familial interstitial fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]]
| |
| *[[Fensulfothion]]
| |
| *[[Fenthion]]
| |
| *[[Fibrosing alveolitis]]
| |
| *[[Flail chest]]
| |
| *[[Foreign body aspiration]]
| |
| *[[Goodpasture syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Gray baby syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[strangling|Hanging]]
| |
| *[[Head trauma]]
| |
| *[[Heart attack]]
| |
| *[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
| |
| *[[Hemothorax]]
| |
| *[[Heroin]]
| |
| *[[methylmercury|Herring poisoning]]
| |
| *[[High altitude]]
| |
| *[[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Hyaline membrane disease]]
| |
| *[[Hydrocodone]]
| |
| *[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
| |
| *[[Hydroquinone]]
| |
| *[[Hypermagnesemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]]
| |
| *[[Hypoadrenalism]]
| |
| *[[Hypocalcemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoglycemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypomagnesemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hypothermia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoventilation]]
| |
| *[[Hypovolemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoxemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoxia (medical)]]
| |
| *[[cerebral hypoxia|Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]]
| |
| *[[Ibuprofen]]
| |
| *[[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]]
| |
| *[[tracheal stenosis|Idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Immobility]]
| |
| *[[Infant respiratory distress syndrome]]
| |
| *[[apnea|Infantile apnea]]
| |
| *[[Insect sting allergy]]
| |
| *[[Intermittent claudication]]
| |
| *[[Interrupted aortic arch]]
| |
| *[[Interstitial lung disease]]
| |
| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Iron poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Isaac's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ischemic heart disease]]
| |
| *Isolated ventriculoarterial discordance
| |
| *[[Ivemark syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
| |
| *Kugel-Stoloff syndrome
| |
| *[[mimicry|Lantana poisoning]]
| |
| *Laryngeal cleft
| |
| *[[Laryngeal edema]]
| |
| *[[Laryngomalacia]]
| |
| *[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
| |
| *[[Lead]]
| |
| *[[Legionellosis]]
| |
| *[[Legionnaire's disease]]
| |
| *[[Fryns syndrome|Lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]]
| |
| *[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Lobar emphysema]]
| |
| *[[Lorazepam]]
| |
| *[[Lortab]]
| |
| *[[Ludwig's angina]]
| |
| *[[Lung abscess]]
| |
| *[[Lupus]]
| |
| *[[Macroglossia]]
| |
| *[[Malathion]]
| |
| *[[superior vena cava syndrome|Malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Marfan syndrome]]
| |
| *Maternal sedation
| |
| *Matthew-Wood syndrome
| |
| *[[Meadows syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Meconium aspiration syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Melioidosis]]
| |
| *[[Mendelson's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Meningitis]]
| |
| *[[Meperidine]]
| |
| *[[Methadone]]
| |
| *[[Methemoglobinemia]]
| |
| *[[Methidathion]]
| |
| *[[Methiocarb]]
| |
| *[[Methomyl]]
| |
| *[[Metoclopramide]]
| |
| *[[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]]
| |
| *[[Micrognathia]]
| |
| *[[Midazolam]]
| |
| *[[mitral atresia|Mitral atresia in infants]]
| |
| *[[Monomelic amyotrophy]]
| |
| *[[Morphine]]
| |
| *[[Mountain sickness]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
| |
| *[[Narcotics]]
| |
| *[[myasthenia gravis|Neonatal myasthenia gravis]]
| |
| *[[Neuromyotonia]]
| |
| *[[Nitrates]]
| |
| *[[Nitrazepam]]
| |
| *[[Nitrites]]
| |
| *[[Nitroglycerin]]
| |
| *[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
| |
| *[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Osler-Vaquez disease]]
| |
| *[[Oxazepam]]
| |
| *[[Pancoast tumor]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Paraquat]]
| |
| *[[Parathion]]
| |
| *[[atrioventricular canal|Partial atrioventricular canal]]
| |
| *[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
| |
| *[[Patent foramen ovale]]
| |
| *[[chest trauma|Penetrating chest wounds]]
| |
| *[[Pergolide]]
| |
| *[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
| |
| *[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| *[[Peripheral arterial disease]]
| |
| *[[pulmonary hypertension classification|Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]]
| |
| *[[Persistent truncus arteriosus]]
| |
| *[[Pertussis]]
| |
| *[[Pneumothorax]]
| |
| *[[Phenazopyridine]]
| |
| *[[Phenol]]
| |
| *[[Phenothiazines]]
| |
| *[[Phlegmasia alba dolens]]
| |
| *[[Phlegmasia cerulea dolens]]
| |
| *[[Phosdrin]]
| |
| *[[phrenic nerve|Phrenic nerve injury]]
| |
| *[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Pierre Robin syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Pleural effusion]]
| |
| *[[Pneumoconiosis]]
| |
| *[[Pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[Pneumothorax]]
| |
| *[[Polycythemia vera]]
| |
| *[[Primaquine ]]
| |
| *[[Profenofos]]
| |
| *[[Propane]]
| |
| *[[Liddle's syndrome|Pseudoaldosteronism]]
| |
| *Pseudocyanosis
| |
| *[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary artery sling]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary atresia]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary edema]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
| |
| *[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Pulmonary hypoplasia]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]]
| |
| *[[TAPVC|Pulmonary venous return anomaly]]
| |
| *[[Raynaud's disease]]
| |
| *[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
| |
| *[[Respiratory depression]]
| |
| *[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Respiratory failure]]
| |
| *Respiratory muscle paralysis
| |
| *[[Retrognathia]]
| |
| *[[Ribavirin]]
| |
| *[[Rifampin]]
| |
| *[[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|Right ventricle hypoplasia]]
| |
| *[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
| |
| *[[Sakati syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[snakebites|Sea snake venom]]
| |
| *[[Sedatives]]
| |
| *[[Seizure]]
| |
| *[[Sepsis]]
| |
| *[[Shaken baby syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Shaver's disease]]
| |
| *[[Shock]]
| |
| *[[Shprintzen syndrome]]
| |
| *[[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|Silicosiderosis]]
| |
| *[[Silicosis]]
| |
| *[[Silver]]
| |
| *[[Silver iodide]]
| |
| *[[Silver nitrate]]
| |
| *[[Sleep apnea]]
| |
| *[[Smoke inhalation]]
| |
| *[[Snakebites]]
| |
| *[[Sneddon syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Spontaneous pneumothorax]]
| |
| *Stachybotrys chartarum exposure
| |
| *[[Streptococcal Group B invasive disease]]
| |
| *[[Strychnine]]
| |
| *[[pulmonary stenosis|Subpulmonary stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Sudden infant death syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Suffocation]]
| |
| *[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
| |
| *[[Sulfonamides]]
| |
| *[[Sulfur dioxide]]
| |
| *[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
| |
| *[[surfactant deficient disease|Surfactant metabolism dysfunction]]
| |
| *[[craniofacial anomalies|Syndromic microphthalmia type 9]]
| |
| *[[TAPVC]]
| |
| *[[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Tension pneumothorax]]
| |
| *[[Terbufos]]
| |
| *[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
| |
| *[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
| |
| *[[Tetrodotoxin]]
| |
| *[[electrical injury|Thermal injury]]
| |
| *[[Thioglycolic acid]]
| |
| *[[arthrogryposis|Thoracic dystrophy]]
| |
| *[[Tonic-clonic seizures]]
| |
| *[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
| |
| *[[tracheal disease|Tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]]
| |
| *[[Tracheal stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
| |
| *[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
| |
| *[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
| |
| *[[Trichloroethylene]]
| |
| *[[Tricuspid atresia]]
| |
| *[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Truncus arteriosus]]
| |
| *[[hyperchloremic acidosis|Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]]
| |
| *[[Unilateral pulmonary agenesis]]
| |
| *[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]]
| |
| *[[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
| |
| *Vascular malposition
| |
| *[[Vascular rings]]
| |
| *[[Vein of Galen|Vein of Galen aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ventricular septal defect]]
| |
| *[[VLCAD deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Vocal cord paralysis]]
| |
| *[[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
| |
| *[[Western equine encephalitis]]
| |
| *[[Whooping cough]]
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==References== |
| | {{reflist|2}} |
|
| |
|
| <references />
| | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
Template:Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Classification
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Pathophysiology
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Causes
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
OR
In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
OR
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
OR
The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
OR
[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
OR
[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
OR
[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
OR
[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
OR
[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
OR
[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
History and Symptoms
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
Physical Examination
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Laboratory Findings
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
OR
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
OR
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
OR
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
OR
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
OR
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
OR
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
OR
The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
OR
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
OR
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
OR
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
OR
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
OR
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
References
Template:WikiDoc Sources