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==Overview==
==Overview==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
Common causes of bronchiolitis include inhalational injury, viral, and drug induced, such as, mineral dusts, [[diacetyl]], [[Human respiratory syncytial virus|RSV]] and [[busulfan]]. Less common causes include heart/lung/kidney [[Organ transplant|transplant]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[ulcerative colitis]].
 
OR
 
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
 
OR
 
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
 
OR
 
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life-threatening Causes===
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.<ref name="pmid18308961">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hendrick DJ |title="Popcorn worker's lung" in Britain in a man making potato crisp flavouring |journal=Thorax |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=267–8 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18308961 |doi=10.1136/thx.2007.089607 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17541015">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Rooy FG, Rooyackers JM, Prokop M, Houba R, Smit LA, Heederik DJ |title=Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavorings |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=176 |issue=5 |pages=498–504 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17541015 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200611-1620OC |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9440571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsiue TR, Guo YL, Chen KW, Chen CW, Lee CH, Chang HY |title=Dose-response relationship and irreversible obstructive ventilatory defect in patients with consumption of Sauropus androgynus |journal=Chest |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=71–6 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9440571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19567602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lockey JE, Hilbert TJ, Levin LP, Ryan PH, White KL, Borton EK, Rice CH, McKay RT, LeMasters GK |title=Airway obstruction related to diacetyl exposure at microwave popcorn production facilities |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19567602 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00050808 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19411294">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harber P, Levine J, Bansal S |title=How frequently should workplace spirometry screening be performed?: optimization via analytic models |journal=Chest |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=1086–1094 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19411294 |doi=10.1378/chest.09-0237 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23615673">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Obliterative bronchiolitis in workers in a coffee-processing facility - Texas, 2008-2012 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=62 |issue=16 |pages=305–7 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23615673 |pmc=4604960 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18339530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghanei M, Tazelaar HD, Chilosi M, Harandi AA, Peyman M, Akbari HM, Shamsaei H, Bahadori M, Aslani J, Mohammadi A |title=An international collaborative pathologic study of surgical lung biopsies from mustard gas-exposed patients |journal=Respir Med |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=825–30 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18339530 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21774710">{{cite journal |vauthors=King MS, Eisenberg R, Newman JH, Tolle JJ, Harrell FE, Nian H, Ninan M, Lambright ES, Sheller JR, Johnson JE, Miller RF |title=Constrictive bronchiolitis in soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=365 |issue=3 |pages=222–30 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21774710 |pmc=3296566 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1101388 |url=}}</ref>
*Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
*Life-threatening causes of adult bronchiolitis include irritant gases such as [[chlorine]] and [[mustard gas]].
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
[Disease name] may be caused by:
Adult bronchiolitis may be caused by:
*[Cause1]
*Inhalational injury
*[Cause2]
**Toxic fumes
*[Cause3]
**Mineral dusts
 
**Irritant gases
 
***[[Chlorine gas|Chlorine]], [[ammonia]], [[mustard gas]], welding vapors, [[paraquat]] and [[diacetyl]]
OR
*Post-infectious
 
**Virus
 
***[[Human respiratory syncytial virus|RSV]] (respiratory syncytial virus)
*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
***[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
***[[Rhinovirus]]
***[[Measles]]
***[[Mumps]]
***[[Varicella zoster]]
***[[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]] (cytomegalovirus)
***[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] (human immunodeficiency virus)
**Other pathogens
***[[Bordetella pertussis]]
***[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
***[[Nocardia]]
*Drug - induced
**[[Busulfan]]
**[[Cocaine]]
**[[Gold]]
**[[Nimesulide]]
**[[Penicillamine]]
**[[Papaverine|Papaverine (sauropus androgynus leaf)]]  
**[[Rituximab]]
**[[Sulfasalazine]]
**[[Sulfamethoxypyridazine]]


===Less Common Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of [[disease name]] include:
Less common causes of bronchiolitis include:
*[Cause1]
*[[Organ transplant]] (Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS))
*[Cause2]
**[[Heart transplantation|Heart]]
*[Cause3]
**[[Lung transplantation|Lung]]
 
**[[Kidney transplantation|Kidney]]
===Genetic Causes===
*Associated conditions
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
**[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
**[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
**[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
**[[Polymyositis]]
**[[Dermatomyositis]]
*Rare associated conditions
**[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]] (adult respiratory distress syndrome)
**[[Ataxia telangiectasia]]
**[[Lysinuric protein intolerance]]
**[[Malignant histiocytosis]]
**Paraneoplastic [[pemphigus]]
**[[Primary biliary cirrhosis|Primary biliary cholangitis]]
**[[Ulcerative colitis]]
**Vasculitis
***[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|Wegener's granulomatosis]] ([[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]])
***[[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Churg-strauss syndrome]] ([[eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis]])
*Idiopathic
**Cryptogenic [[bronchiolitis obliterans]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Heart transplantation|Heart transplant]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Toxic fumes, mineral dusts, irritant gases; [[chlorine]], [[ammonia]], [[mustard gas]], welding vapors, [[paraquat]], [[diacetyl]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], paraneoplastic [[pemphigus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Busulfan]], [[cocaine]], [[gold]], [[nimesulide]], [[penicillamine]], [[papaverine]], [[rituximab]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfamethoxypyridazine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Primary biliary cholangitis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ataxia telangiectasia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Human respiratory syncytial virus|RSV]] (respiratory syncytial virus), [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[varicella zoster]], [[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]] (cytomegalovirus), [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] (human immunodeficiency virus), [[bordetella pertussis]], [[mycoplasma pneumonia]], [[nocardia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Paraneoplastic [[pemphigus]], [[malignant histiocytosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Toxic fumes, mineral dusts, irritant gases; [[chlorine]], [[ammonia]], [[mustard gas]], welding vapors, [[paraquat]], [[diacetyl]], [[busulfan]], [[cocaine]], [[gold]], [[nimesulide]], [[penicillamine]], [[papaverine]], [[rituximab]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfamethoxypyridazine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]] (adult respiratory distress syndrome), [[Lung transplantation|lung transplant]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kidney transplantation|Kidney transplant]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|Wegener's granulomatosis]] (granulomatosis with polyangiitis), [[Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis|churg-strauss syndrome]] (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis), [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sjögren's syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[polymyositis]], [[dermatomyositis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Cryptogenic bronchiolitis obliterans
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
* Cause 1
*[[Ammonia]]
* Cause 2
*[[ARDS]] (adult respiratory distress syndrome)
* Cause 3
*[[Adenovirus|Adenoviridae]]
* Cause 4
*[[Ataxia telangiectasia]]
* Cause 5
*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
* Cause 6
*[[Busulfan]]
* Cause 7
*[[CMV]] (cytomegalovirus)
* Cause 8
*[[Chlorine gas]]
* Cause 9
*Churg-strauss syndrome ([[eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis]])
* Cause 10
*[[Cocaine]]
*Cryptogenic bronchiolitis obliterans
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
*[[Diacetyl]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[HIV]] (human immunodeficiency virus)
*[[Heart transplant|Heart transplantation]]
*[[Kidney transplant|Kidney tranplantation]]
*[[Lung transplant|Lung transplantation]]
*[[Lysinuric protein intolerance]]
*[[Malignant histiocytosis]]
*[[Measles]]
*Mineral dusts
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mustard gas]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*[[Nimesulide]]
*[[Nocardia]]
*[[Papaverine]] (sauropus androgynus leaf)
*Paraneoplastic [[pemphigus]]
*[[Paraquat]]
*[[Penicillamine]]
*[[Polymyositis]]
*[[Primary biliary cholangitis]]
*[[RSV]] (respiratory syncytial virus)
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Rhinovirus]]
*[[Rituximab]]
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
*[[Sulfamethoxypyridazine]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] (granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
*Welding vapors
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 20:07, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Common causes of bronchiolitis include inhalational injury, viral, and drug induced, such as, mineral dusts, diacetyl, RSV and busulfan. Less common causes include heart/lung/kidney transplant, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
  • Life-threatening causes of adult bronchiolitis include irritant gases such as chlorine and mustard gas.

Common Causes

Adult bronchiolitis may be caused by:

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of bronchiolitis include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Heart transplant
Chemical/Poisoning Toxic fumes, mineral dusts, irritant gases; chlorine, ammonia, mustard gas, welding vapors, paraquat, diacetyl
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Sjögren's syndrome, dermatomyositis, paraneoplastic pemphigus
Drug Side Effect Busulfan, cocaine, gold, nimesulide, penicillamine, papaverine, rituximab, sulfasalazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Primary biliary cholangitis, ulcerative colitis
Genetic Ataxia telangiectasia
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), adenovirus, rhinovirus, measles, mumps, varicella zoster, CMV (cytomegalovirus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), bordetella pertussis, mycoplasma pneumonia, nocardia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Lysinuric protein intolerance
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Paraneoplastic pemphigus, malignant histiocytosis
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Toxic fumes, mineral dusts, irritant gases; chlorine, ammonia, mustard gas, welding vapors, paraquat, diacetyl, busulfan, cocaine, gold, nimesulide, penicillamine, papaverine, rituximab, sulfasalazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome), lung transplant
Renal/Electrolyte Kidney transplant
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Wegener's granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis), churg-strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis), rheumatoid arthritis, sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, dermatomyositis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Cryptogenic bronchiolitis obliterans

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.


References

  1. ↑ Hendrick DJ (March 2008). ""Popcorn worker's lung" in Britain in a man making potato crisp flavouring". Thorax. 63 (3): 267–8. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.089607. PMID 18308961.
  2. ↑ van Rooy FG, Rooyackers JM, Prokop M, Houba R, Smit LA, Heederik DJ (September 2007). "Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavorings". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (5): 498–504. doi:10.1164/rccm.200611-1620OC. PMID 17541015.
  3. ↑ Hsiue TR, Guo YL, Chen KW, Chen CW, Lee CH, Chang HY (January 1998). "Dose-response relationship and irreversible obstructive ventilatory defect in patients with consumption of Sauropus androgynus". Chest. 113 (1): 71–6. PMID 9440571.
  4. ↑ Lockey JE, Hilbert TJ, Levin LP, Ryan PH, White KL, Borton EK, Rice CH, McKay RT, LeMasters GK (July 2009). "Airway obstruction related to diacetyl exposure at microwave popcorn production facilities". Eur. Respir. J. 34 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1183/09031936.00050808. PMID 19567602.
  5. ↑ Harber P, Levine J, Bansal S (October 2009). "How frequently should workplace spirometry screening be performed?: optimization via analytic models". Chest. 136 (4): 1086–1094. doi:10.1378/chest.09-0237. PMID 19411294.
  6. ↑ "Obliterative bronchiolitis in workers in a coffee-processing facility - Texas, 2008-2012". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 62 (16): 305–7. April 2013. PMC 4604960. PMID 23615673.
  7. ↑ Ghanei M, Tazelaar HD, Chilosi M, Harandi AA, Peyman M, Akbari HM, Shamsaei H, Bahadori M, Aslani J, Mohammadi A (June 2008). "An international collaborative pathologic study of surgical lung biopsies from mustard gas-exposed patients". Respir Med. 102 (6): 825–30. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.016. PMID 18339530.
  8. ↑ King MS, Eisenberg R, Newman JH, Tolle JJ, Harrell FE, Nian H, Ninan M, Lambright ES, Sheller JR, Johnson JE, Miller RF (July 2011). "Constrictive bronchiolitis in soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan". N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (3): 222–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101388. PMC 3296566. PMID 21774710.
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