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1. SOB
2. Chest pain
3. Cough
4. Cyanosis


== Tachypnea ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |Organ system
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! colspan="9" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|-
! colspan="4" |Symptoms
! colspan="5" |Physical exam
|-
!Chest pain
!Dyspnea
!Fever
!Palpitations
!Cyanosis
!Tachypnea
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Ascultation
!ABGs
!Lab findings
!Imaging
!PFT
!Gold standard
|-
! rowspan="8" |Pulmonary system
!Pneumothorax
!
!
!
!
!
!
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!
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!
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|-
!Pulmonary embolism
!
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|-
!Pneumonia
!
!
!
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|-
!Exacerbation of asthma/COPD
!
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!Interstitial lung disease
!
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|-
!Intrapulmonary shunt
!
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!Upper airway obstruction
!
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!High altitude sickness
!
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! rowspan="4" |Cardiovascular system
!Acute coronary syndrome
!
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|-
!Heart failure
!
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!Dysrhythmias
!
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!Shock
!
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! rowspan="3" |Metabolic/Systemic disorders
!Diabetic ketoacidosis
!
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!Hypocalcemia
!
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!Hypoglycemia
!
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! rowspan="2" |Endocrine system
!Hyperthyroidism
!
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!Pheochromocytoma
!
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! rowspan="2" |CNS
!Central nervous system tumor
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!Anxiety/panic attacks
!
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! rowspan="3" |Others
!Pregnancy
!
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!Hepatic failure
!
!
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!Sepsis
!
!
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!
!
!
|}
== Bradypnea ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! colspan="10" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="3" |Associated features
|-
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="4" |Physical exam
|-
!Chest pain
!Dyspnea
!Orthopnea
!Fever
!Palpitations
!Poor
quality sleep
!Cyanosis
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Auscultation
!ABGs
!Lab findings
!Imaging
!Spirometry
!Gold standard
|-
![[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome|Central hypoventilation syndrome CHS]]
!-
!+
!+
!-
!+/-
!+
!+
!+/-
!+/-
!
* Normal                   
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
* [[PHOX2B]]                  [[Screening test|screening testing]]            via fragment            analysis or              sequencing tests   
*  [[Polysomnography]]   
!
* [[Brain imaging|Brain MRI]]              (exclude other      [[Brainstem|brainstem lesions]])
!Normal
!
* Molecular testing      for PHOX2B            mutations               
!
* Hirschsprung          disease                 
* Neural crest            tumors                 
* Box-shaped face                 
* Meiosis                 
* Strabismus                 
|-
![[Asphyxia]]
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+
!+
!+/-
!+/-
!
* [[Systolic murmurs|Systolic murmur]]     
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
* Abnormal [[renal      function tests]]                                       
* [[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin          T and I ↑]]                                   
!
* [[Chest X-ray|CXR]]                        typically shows                [[cardiomegaly]]                               
* [[Echocardiography]] (to exclude other        [[Structural heart diseases|structural heart                  diseases]])                                 
!Normal
!
* The fetal                  biophysical profile              score (BPS)            shows loss of        accelerations of      the fetal heart        rate, decreased      body movement,    breathing,              hypotonia and        decreased              amniotic fluid        volume                 
!
* Acute respiratory        distress                  syndrome (RDS)     
* Meconium            aspiration                syndrome (MAS) 
* Necrotizing            enterocolitis           
|-
![[Arnold-Chiari malformation|Chiari II malformation (Arnold-Chiari)]]
!-
!+
!+
!-
!+
!+
!-
!-
!-
!
* [[Stridor]]                   
!Normal
!_
!
* [[Ct scan|CT Scan of Brain]]  ([[hydrocephalus]], [[Cerebellar tonsill herniation|herniated cerebellar tonsils]], and a [[Spinal cord|flattened spinal cord]])
!_
!MRI Brain
!
* Myelomeningocele
* Hydrocephalus   
|-
![[Spinal muscular atrophy]]
!-
!+
!+
!-
!+/-
!+
!+
!-
!-
!
* [[Stridor]]                         
!_
!
* [[Electromyography]] shows [[Fibrillation|fibrillations]] and positive sharp waves
!_
!_
!Molecular genetic testing  by detection of homozygous deletions of exons 7 of the SMN1 gene
!
* Progressive            muscle weakness        and atrophy           
|-
![[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!-
!-
!
* [[Decreased breath sounds|Diminished breath sounds]]
* [[Diminished bowel sounds|Absence of bowel sound]]
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
!
* Albuminocytologic [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]] on [[CSF analysis]]
!
* [[MRI]] shows                        [[Anterior nerve roots|selective anterior          nerve root                enhancement]]                     
!↓[[FEV1]]
↓[[FVC]]
↓[[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
!
* Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG)
!
* Preceded by mild respiratory or GIT infection
* Ascending fashion of weakness
|-
![[Phrenic nerve paralysis|Phrenic nerve injury]]
!+/-
!+
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!-
!-
!-
!
* Normal                                                             
!Normal                     
!
* [[Complete blood count|CBC]] (to rule out    [[anemia]] as the          cause of [[dyspnea]])
* [[Thyroid function tests|Thyroid function            tests]]                                           
!
* [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows            unilateral or            bilateral                    [[Diaphragmatic dysfunction|diaphragmatic          flattening]]                                               
!↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[RV]]
[[Anatomical|(anatomical)]]
!
* Fluoroscopic            "sniff" test (              diaphragmatic              movement is            observed                  fluoroscopically      while the patient    sniffs forcefully)                                 
!
* Respiratory          insufficiency                   
|-
![[Myasthenia gravis]]
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!-
!+
!-
!-
!-
!
* [[Abdominal breathing|Paradoxical          abdominal              breathing]]                             
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
!
* Anti-AChR ab               
* Anti–striated          muscle ab             
* Anti-MuSK ab                   
!
* [[CT-scans|CT]] may show        [[Anterior mediastinum|anterior                    mediastinal mass]]          ([[thymoma]])                         
!↓[[FEV1]],↓[[FVC]]
↓[[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
!
* Anti–acetylcholine receptor antibody test
!
* Ptosis                   
* Diplopia               
* Fatigue               
|-
![[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid7699962">{{cite journal| author=Takasugi T, Ishihara T, Kawamura J, Sasaki K, Toyoda T, Oosumi M et al.| title=[Blood gas changes in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy]. | journal=Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi | year= 1995 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-22 | pmid=7699962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699962  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25755201">{{cite journal| author=Mayer OH, Finkel RS, Rummey C, Benton MJ, Glanzman AM, Flickinger J et al.| title=Characterization of pulmonary function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. | journal=Pediatr Pulmonol | year= 2015 | volume= 50 | issue= 5 | pages= 487-94 | pmid=25755201 | doi=10.1002/ppul.23172 | pmc=4402127 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755201  }} </ref>
!+/-
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+/-
!
* [[Midsystolic murmur|Mid-systolic              murmur]]                                   
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
!
* [[CPK elevation|Elevated CPK              levels]]                           
* [[ECG]] shows [[right      ventricular strain]]                         
!
* [[Ultrasonography]]      shows [[Echogenicity|increased    echogenicity]] in      the affected              [[Muscle|muscles]]                                   
!↓[[FVC]], ↓[[Peak expiratory flow|PEF]]
!
* Genetic testing for mutation of the        dystrophin gene          (DMD)                     
!
* Waddling, wide-        based gait                
* Gower sign               
|-
![[Pneumonia]]
!+
!+
!+/-
!+
!+/-
!+/-
!-
!-
!-
!
* [[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]] and [[Crackles]]
!Normal
!
* [[Neutrophilia|↑WBC                        (neutrophilia)]]                               
![[Lobar pneumonia|Lobar consolidation]]
!Normal
!Normal
!Productive cough
|-
![[Aspiration pneumonia|Aspiration]]
!+/-
!+
!+/-
!+
!+/-
!+/-
!+
!-
!-
!
* [[Decreased breath sounds|Diminished breath sounds]]
!Normal
!
* [[WBC|↑WBC]]                                                           
* [[Blood cultures]]                     
!
* [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows            [[atelectasis]]                           
!↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!Bronchoscopy
!
* Choking               
|-
![[Obstructive sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid26209328">{{cite journal| author=Abdeyrim A, Zhang Y, Li N, Zhao M, Wang Y, Yao X et al.| title=Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on lung volumes and mechanical properties of the respiratory system in overweight and obese individuals. | journal=BMC Pulm Med | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 76 | pmid=26209328 | doi=10.1186/s12890-015-0063-6 | pmc=4513967 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26209328  }} </ref>
!+
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+
!+/-
!+/-
!+/-
!
* [[Wheeze]]                                   
* [[Systolic ejection murmur|Systolic ejection      murmur]]                
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
!
* [[Polysomnography]]
!
* [[MRI]] shows              [[enlarged                      adenoids]], [[tonsils]]      and [[soft palate]]             
!↑FRC
!Polysomnography
!
* Loud snoring
* Depression           
* Hypertension       
* Coronary artery        disease                 
|-
!Pulmonary hypoplasia
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+/-
!+
!-
!-
!
* [[Diminished bowel sounds|Breath sounds        may be decreased    or absent]] on the      side of [[hypoplasia]]
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]                     
!
* [[Basic metabolic panel|Abnormal BMP]]         
* [[Echocardiography]] is done to rule out [[cardiac]]                    [[complications]]               
!
* [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows              crowded [[ribs]] and    low thoracic-to-      abdominal ratio         
* [[CT scan]] of [[chest]]       
!↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!_
!
* Myopathic facies   
|-
![[Metabolic alkalosis]]
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+/-
!_
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]               
!
* [[Anion gap|Serum Anion Gap]] is elevated
* [[Electrolyte disturbance|Abnormal Urine Sodium Ion Concentration]]
!_
!_
!_
!
* Hypokalemia       
|-
![[Sepsis]]
!-
!+
!-
!+
!+/-
!+/-
!-
!-
!-
!Normal
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
!
* [[Neutrophilia|CBC shows            ↑WBC                      (neutrophilia)]]                   
!Normal
!Normal
!SIRS criteria
!
* Chills                   
* Confusion           
|-
!ROHHAD<ref name="pmid3991276">{{cite journal| author=duRivage SK, Winter RJ, Brouillette RT, Hunt CE, Noah Z| title=Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction and impaired control of breathing. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1985 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 896-8 | pmid=3991276 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3991276  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14320765">{{cite journal| author=FISHMAN LS, SAMSON JH, SPERLING DR| title=PRIMARY ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME (ONDINE'S CURSE). | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1965 | volume= 110 | issue=  | pages= 155-61 | pmid=14320765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14320765  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20727534">{{cite journal| author=Paz-Priel I, Cooke DW, Chen AR| title=Cyclophosphamide for rapid-onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation syndrome. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 337-9 | pmid=20727534 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.006 | pmc=3976575 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20727534  }} </ref>
!-
!+
!+/-
!-
!+/-
!+
!+/-
!-
!-
!
* [[Displaced point of maximal impulse|Displaced cardiac    impulse]]                   
* [[P2|Loud pulmonic      second heart            sound]]                     
!↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
!
* [[Serum bicarbonate|Abnormal Serum    bicarbonate levels]] 
* [[Polysomnography|Attended                  laboratory                nocturnal                  polysomnography]]   
!
* [[Lateral]] [[neck]]            [[Radiography|radiographs]]            shows [[Airway constriction|airway          narrowing]]                                 
* [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows [[Chest wall deformities|chest    wall deformity]]                             
!↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
!_
!
* Hypothalamic endocrine manifestations
* Tumors of neural crest origin
|}
== Obstructive lung Diseases ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |Diseases
! colspan="10" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="10" |Diagnosis
|-
! colspan="5" |Symptoms
! colspan="5" |Physical exam
! rowspan="3" |Lab findings
! colspan="4" |PFT
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Imaging
! rowspan="3" |Gold standard
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|-
! rowspan="2" |Cough
! rowspan="2" |Dyspnea
! rowspan="2" |Hemoptysis
! rowspan="2" |Fever
! rowspan="2" |Weight loss
! rowspan="2" |Cyanosis
! rowspan="2" |Clubbing
! rowspan="2" |JVD
! rowspan="2" |Peripheral edema
! rowspan="2" |Auscultation
! rowspan="2" |ABGs
! rowspan="2" |FEV1/FVC
! rowspan="2" |TLC
! rowspan="2" |DLCO
|-
!CXR
!CT scan
!Other
|-
!Asthma
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Chronic bronchitis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Bronchiolitis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Emphysema
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Bronchiectasis 
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Central airway obstruction
(Benign/Malignant lung mass)
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Heart failure
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Tuberculosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|}
== Restrictive lung Diseases ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |Diseases
! colspan="10" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="10" |Diagnosis
|-
! colspan="4" |Symptoms
! colspan="6" |Physical exam
! rowspan="3" |Lab findings
! colspan="4" |PFT
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Imaging
! rowspan="3" |Gold standard
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|-
! rowspan="2" |Cough
! rowspan="2" |Dyspnea
! rowspan="2" |Hemoptysis
! rowspan="2" |Fever
! rowspan="2" |Environmental/Occupational exposure
! rowspan="2" |Cyanosis
! rowspan="2" |Clubbing
! rowspan="2" |JVD
! rowspan="2" |Peripheral edema
! rowspan="2" |Auscultation
! rowspan="2" |ABGs
! rowspan="2" |FEV1/FVC
! rowspan="2" |TLC
! rowspan="2" |DLCO
|-
!CXR
!CT scan
!Other
|-
!Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
!-
!+
!-
!-
!'''Inciting event, such as [[Trauma]]'''
'''[[Sepsis]]'''
'''[[Drug overdose]]'''
'''[[Blood transfusion|Massive transfusion]]'''
'''[[Acute pancreatitis]] [[Aspiration]]'''
!+
!-
!-
!-
!
*
!
*
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Asbestosis
!+
!+
!+/-
!-
!Ship yard workers
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Bronchitis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Emphysema
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Eosinophilic Pneumonia
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Interstitial (Nonidiopathic) Pulmonary Fibrosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Lung Transplantation
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Obesity
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Pulmonary Eosinophilia
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|}
== Wheeze ==
<references />

Latest revision as of 15:53, 28 September 2018

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:iqra&oldid=1495809"