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| 1. SOB
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| 2. Chest pain
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| 3. Cough
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| 4. Cyanosis
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|
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| == Tachypnea ==
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|
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| == Bradypnea ==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! rowspan="3" |Diseases
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| ! colspan="10" |Clinical manifestations
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| ! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
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| ! rowspan="3" |Associated features
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| |-
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| ! colspan="6" |Symptoms
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| ! colspan="4" |Physical exam
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| |-
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| !Chest pain
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| !Dyspnea
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| !Orthopnea
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| !Fever
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| !Palpitations
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| !Poor
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| quality sleep
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| !Cyanosis
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| !JVD
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| !Peripheral edema
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| !Auscultation
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| !ABGs
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| !Lab findings
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| !Imaging
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| !Spirometry
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| !Gold standard
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| |-
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| ![[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome|Central hypoventilation syndrome CHS]]<ref name="pmid12640453">{{cite journal| author=Amiel J, Laudier B, Attié-Bitach T, Trang H, de Pontual L, Gener B et al.| title=Polyalanine expansion and frameshift mutations of the paired-like homeobox gene PHOX2B in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2003 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 459-61 | pmid=12640453 | doi=10.1038/ng1130 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12640453 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14608649">{{cite journal| author=Weese-Mayer DE, Berry-Kravis EM, Zhou L, Maher BS, Silvestri JM, Curran ME et al.| title=Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: analysis of genes pertinent to early autonomic nervous system embryologic development and identification of mutations in PHOX2b. | journal=Am J Med Genet A | year= 2003 | volume= 123A | issue= 3 | pages= 267-78 | pmid=14608649 | doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.20527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14608649 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1256944">{{cite journal| author=Shannon DC, Marsland DW, Gould JB, Callahan B, Todres ID, Dennis J| title=Central hypoventilation during quiet sleep in two infants. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1976 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= 342-6 | pmid=1256944 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1256944 }} </ref>
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| !-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !-
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| !+/-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !+/-
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| !
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| * Normal
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| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
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| !
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| * [[PHOX2B]] [[Screening test|screening testing]] via fragment analysis or sequencing tests
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| * [[Polysomnography]]
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| !
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| * [[Brain imaging|Brain MRI]] (exclude other [[Brainstem|brainstem lesions]])
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| !Normal
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| !
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| * [[PHOX2B|Molecular testing for PHOX2B mutations]]
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| !
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| * [[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschsprung disease]]
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| * [[Neural crest cell|Neural crest tumors]]
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| * Box-shaped face
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| * [[Meiosis]]
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| * [[Strabismus]]
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| |-
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| ![[Asphyxia]]<ref name="pmid15721471">{{cite journal| author=Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, Ballard R, Edwards AD, Ferriero DM et al.| title=Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2005 | volume= 365 | issue= 9460 | pages= 663-70 | pmid=15721471 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17946-X | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15721471 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16221780">{{cite journal| author=Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson JE, McDonald SA, Donovan EF et al.| title=Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 15 | pages= 1574-84 | pmid=16221780 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcps050929 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16221780 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21238700">{{cite journal| author=Kluckow M| title=Functional echocardiography in assessment of the cardiovascular system in asphyxiated neonates. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e13-8 | pmid=21238700 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21238700 }} </ref>
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| !-
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !+/-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !+/-
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| !
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| * [[Systolic murmurs|Systolic murmur]]
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| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
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| !
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| * Abnormal [[renal function tests]]
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|
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| * [[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin T and I ↑]]
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| !
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| * [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] typically shows [[cardiomegaly]]
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| * [[Echocardiography]] (to exclude other [[Structural heart diseases|structural heart diseases]])
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| !Normal
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| !
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| * The fetal [[Biophysical profile|biophysical profile score (BPS)]] shows loss of [[Acceleration|accelerations of the fetal heart rate]], decreased body movement, [[breathing]], [[hypotonia]] and decreased [[Amniotic fluid|amniotic fluid volume]]
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| !
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| * [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)]]
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| * [[Meconium aspiration syndrome|Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)]]
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| * [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
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| |-
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| ![[Arnold-Chiari malformation|Chiari II malformation (Arnold-Chiari)]]<ref name="pmid18809020">{{cite journal| author=Sarnat HB| title=Disorders of segmentation of the neural tube: Chiari malformations. | journal=Handb Clin Neurol | year= 2008 | volume= 87 | issue= | pages= 89-103 | pmid=18809020 | doi=10.1016/S0072-9752(07)87006-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809020 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7229658">{{cite journal| author=Marin-Padilla M, Marin-Padilla TM| title=Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold--Chiari malformation. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 1981 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 29-55 | pmid=7229658 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7229658 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3714003">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert JN, Jones KL, Rorke LB, Chernoff GF, James HE| title=Central nervous system anomalies associated with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and the Arnold-Chiari malformation: reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1986 | volume= 18 | issue= 5 | pages= 559-64 | pmid=3714003 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3714003 }} </ref>
| |
| !-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !-
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| !-
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| !-
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| !
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| * [[Stridor]]
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| !Normal
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| !_
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| !
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| * [[Ct scan|CT Scan of Brain]] ([[hydrocephalus]], [[Cerebellar tonsill herniation|herniated cerebellar tonsils]], and a [[Spinal cord|flattened spinal cord]])
| |
| !_
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| ![[MRI|MRI Brain]]
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| !
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| * [[Myelomeningocele]]
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| * [[Hydrocephalus]]
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| |-
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| ![[Spinal muscular atrophy]]<ref name="pmid26515624">{{cite journal| author=Kolb SJ, Kissel JT| title=Spinal Muscular Atrophy. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2015 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 831-46 | pmid=26515624 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.004 | pmc=4628728 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26515624 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26022173">{{cite journal| author=Darras BT| title=Spinal muscular atrophies. | journal=Pediatr Clin North Am | year= 2015 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 743-66 | pmid=26022173 | doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2015.03.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26022173 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22516079">{{cite journal| author=Mercuri E, Bertini E, Iannaccone ST| title=Childhood spinal muscular atrophy: controversies and challenges. | journal=Lancet Neurol | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 443-52 | pmid=22516079 | doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70061-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22516079 }} </ref>
| |
| !-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !-
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| !+/-
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| !+
| |
| !+
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| !-
| |
| !-
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| !
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| * [[Stridor]]
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| !_
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| !
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| * [[Electromyography]] shows [[Fibrillation|fibrillations]] and positive sharp waves
| |
| !_
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| !_
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| ![[Genetic testing|Molecular genetic testing]] by detection of [[homozygous]] [[Deletion (genetics)|deletions]] of [[exons]] 7 of the [[SMN1|SMN1 gene]]
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| !
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| * Progressive [[muscle weakness]] and [[atrophy]]
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| |-
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| ![[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]<ref name="pmid28039863">{{cite journal| author=Anandan C, Khuder SA, Koffman BM| title=Prevalence of autonomic dysfunction in hospitalized patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. | journal=Muscle Nerve | year= 2017 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 331-333 | pmid=28039863 | doi=10.1002/mus.25551 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28039863 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24163275">{{cite journal| author=Fokke C, van den Berg B, Drenthen J, Walgaard C, van Doorn PA, Jacobs BC| title=Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. | journal=Brain | year= 2014 | volume= 137 | issue= Pt 1 | pages= 33-43 | pmid=24163275 | doi=10.1093/brain/awt285 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24163275 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17503142">{{cite journal| author=Flachenecker P| title=Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis. | journal=J Neurol | year= 2007 | volume= 254 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= II96-101 | pmid=17503142 | doi=10.1007/s00415-007-2024-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17503142 }} </ref>
| |
| !-
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !-
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| !-
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| !
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| * [[Decreased breath sounds|Diminished breath sounds]]
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| * [[Diminished bowel sounds|Absence of bowel sound]]
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| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
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| * Albuminocytologic [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]] on [[CSF analysis]]
| |
| !
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| * [[MRI]] shows [[Anterior nerve roots|selective anterior nerve root enhancement]]
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| !↓[[FEV1]]
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|
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| ↓[[FVC]]
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|
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| ↓[[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
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| !
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| * [[Nerve conduction studies|Nerve conduction studies (NCS)]] and [[EMG|needle electromyography (EMG)]]
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| !
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| * Preceded by mild [[respiratory]] or [[Gastrointestinal tract|GIT infection]]
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| * Ascending fashion of [[weakness]]
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| |-
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| ![[Phrenic nerve paralysis|Phrenic nerve injury]]<ref name="pmid3202460">{{cite journal| author=Laroche CM, Carroll N, Moxham J, Green M| title=Clinical significance of severe isolated diaphragm weakness. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1988 | volume= 138 | issue= 4 | pages= 862-6 | pmid=3202460 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm/138.4.862 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3202460 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9619304">{{cite journal| author=Gierada DS, Slone RM, Fleishman MJ| title=Imaging evaluation of the diaphragm. | journal=Chest Surg Clin N Am | year= 1998 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 237-80 | pmid=9619304 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9619304 }} </ref><ref name="pmid872664">{{cite journal| author=Sandham JD, Shaw DT, Guenter CA| title=Acute supine respiratory failure due to bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. | journal=Chest | year= 1977 | volume= 72 | issue= 1 | pages= 96-8 | pmid=872664 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=872664 }} </ref>
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| !+/-
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| !+
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !-
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| !-
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| !
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| * Normal
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| !Normal
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| !
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| * [[Complete blood count|CBC]] (to rule out [[anemia]] as the cause of [[dyspnea]])
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| * [[Thyroid function tests|Thyroid function tests]]
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| !
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| * [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows unilateral or bilateral [[Diaphragmatic dysfunction|diaphragmatic flattening]]
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| !↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[RV]]
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|
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| [[Anatomical|(anatomical)]]
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| !
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| * Fluoroscopic "sniff" test ([[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragmatic]] movement is observed fluoroscopically while the patient sniffs forcefully)
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| !
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| * [[Respiratory system|Respiratory]] insufficiency
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Myasthenia gravis]]<ref name="pmid16793269">{{cite journal| author=Benatar M| title=A systematic review of diagnostic studies in myasthenia gravis. | journal=Neuromuscul Disord | year= 2006 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 459-67 | pmid=16793269 | doi=10.1016/j.nmd.2006.05.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16793269 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18059039">{{cite journal| author=Grob D, Brunner N, Namba T, Pagala M| title=Lifetime course of myasthenia gravis. | journal=Muscle Nerve | year= 2008 | volume= 37 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-9 | pmid=18059039 | doi=10.1002/mus.20950 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18059039 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2277266">{{cite journal| author=Mantegazza R, Beghi E, Pareyson D, Antozzi C, Peluchetti D, Sghirlanzoni A et al.| title=A multicentre follow-up study of 1152 patients with myasthenia gravis in Italy. | journal=J Neurol | year= 1990 | volume= 237 | issue= 6 | pages= 339-44 | pmid=2277266 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2277266 }} </ref>
| |
| !-
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !-
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| !+
| |
| !-
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| !-
| |
| !-
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| !
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| * [[Abdominal breathing|Paradoxical abdominal breathing]]
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| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
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| * Anti-AChR ab
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| * Anti–striated muscle ab
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| * Anti-MuSK ab
| |
| !
| |
| * [[CT-scans|CT]] may show [[Anterior mediastinum|anterior mediastinal mass]] ([[thymoma]])
| |
| !↓[[FEV1]],↓[[FVC]]
| |
|
| |
| ↓[[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
| |
| !
| |
| * Anti–[[acetylcholine receptor]] [[antibody test]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Ptosis]]
| |
| * [[Diplopia]]
| |
| * [[Fatigue]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid7699962">{{cite journal| author=Takasugi T, Ishihara T, Kawamura J, Sasaki K, Toyoda T, Oosumi M et al.| title=[Blood gas changes in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy]. | journal=Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi | year= 1995 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-22 | pmid=7699962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25755201">{{cite journal| author=Mayer OH, Finkel RS, Rummey C, Benton MJ, Glanzman AM, Flickinger J et al.| title=Characterization of pulmonary function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. | journal=Pediatr Pulmonol | year= 2015 | volume= 50 | issue= 5 | pages= 487-94 | pmid=25755201 | doi=10.1002/ppul.23172 | pmc=4402127 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755201 }} </ref>
| |
| !+/-
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !-
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| !+/-
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| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !+/-
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| !+/-
| |
| !
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| * [[Midsystolic murmur|Mid-systolic murmur]]
| |
| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[CPK elevation|Elevated CPK levels]]
| |
| * [[ECG]] shows [[right ventricular strain]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Ultrasonography]] shows [[Echogenicity|increased echogenicity]] in the affected [[Muscle|muscles]]
| |
| !↓[[FVC]], ↓[[Peak expiratory flow|PEF]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Genetic testing]] for [[Dystrophin|mutation of the dystrophin gene (DMD)]]
| |
| !
| |
| * Waddling, wide- based [[gait]]
| |
| * [[Gowers' sign|Gower sign]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid10065680">{{cite journal| author=Almirall J, Bolíbar I, Balanzó X, González CA| title=Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based case-control study. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 349-55 | pmid=10065680 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10065680 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26747825">{{cite journal| author=Gadsby NJ, Russell CD, McHugh MP, Mark H, Conway Morris A, Laurenson IF et al.| title=Comprehensive Molecular Testing for Respiratory Pathogens in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 62 | issue= 7 | pages= 817-823 | pmid=26747825 | doi=10.1093/cid/civ1214 | pmc=4787606 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26747825 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25337751">{{cite journal| author=Musher DM, Thorner AR| title=Community-acquired pneumonia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 371 | issue= 17 | pages= 1619-28 | pmid=25337751 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1312885 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25337751 }} </ref>
| |
| !+
| |
| !+
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| !+/-
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| !+
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| !+/-
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| !+/-
| |
| !-
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| !-
| |
| !-
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]] and [[Crackles]]
| |
| !Normal
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Neutrophilia|↑WBC (neutrophilia)]]
| |
| ![[Lobar pneumonia|Lobar consolidation]]
| |
| !Normal
| |
| !Normal
| |
| ![[Productive cough]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Aspiration pneumonia|Aspiration]]<ref name="pmid19318678">{{cite journal| author=Wu YC, Hsu PK, Su KC, Liu LY, Tsai CC, Tsai SH et al.| title=Bile acid aspiration in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. | journal=Chest | year= 2009 | volume= 136 | issue= 1 | pages= 118-124 | pmid=19318678 | doi=10.1378/chest.08-2668 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19318678 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1008348">{{cite journal| author=Bynum LJ, Pierce AK| title=Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1976 | volume= 114 | issue= 6 | pages= 1129-36 | pmid=1008348 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1976.114.6.1129 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1008348 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1855371">{{cite journal| author=DePaso WJ| title=Aspiration pneumonia. | journal=Clin Chest Med | year= 1991 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 269-84 | pmid=1855371 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1855371 }} </ref>
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+
| |
| !-
| |
| !-
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Decreased breath sounds|Diminished breath sounds]]
| |
| !Normal
| |
| !
| |
| * [[WBC|↑WBC]]
| |
| * [[Blood cultures]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows [[atelectasis]]
| |
| !↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
| |
| ![[Bronchoscopy]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Choking]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Obstructive sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid26209328">{{cite journal| author=Abdeyrim A, Zhang Y, Li N, Zhao M, Wang Y, Yao X et al.| title=Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on lung volumes and mechanical properties of the respiratory system in overweight and obese individuals. | journal=BMC Pulm Med | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 76 | pmid=26209328 | doi=10.1186/s12890-015-0063-6 | pmc=4513967 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26209328 }} </ref>
| |
| !+
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Wheeze]]
| |
| * [[Systolic ejection murmur|Systolic ejection murmur]]
| |
| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Polysomnography]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[MRI]] shows [[enlarged adenoids]], [[tonsils]] and [[soft palate]]
| |
| !↑FRC
| |
| ![[Polysomnography]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Snoring|Loud snoring]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[Depression]]
| |
| * [[Hypertension]]
| |
| * [[Coronary heart disease|Coronary artery disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| !Pulmonary hypoplasia<ref name="pmid22249145">{{cite journal| author=Vergani P| title=Prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia. | journal=Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol | year= 2012 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 89-94 | pmid=22249145 | doi=10.1097/GCO.0b013e3283505a86 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22249145 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22240409">{{cite journal| author=Berger RM, Beghetti M, Humpl T, Raskob GE, Ivy DD, Jing ZC et al.| title=Clinical features of paediatric pulmonary hypertension: a registry study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2012 | volume= 379 | issue= 9815 | pages= 537-46 | pmid=22240409 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61621-8 | pmc=3426911 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22240409 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18424645">{{cite journal| author=Tsukimori K, Masumoto K, Morokuma S, Yoshimura T, Taguchi T, Hara T et al.| title=The lung-to-thorax transverse area ratio at term and near term correlates with survival in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. | journal=J Ultrasound Med | year= 2008 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 707-13 | pmid=18424645 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18424645 }} </ref>
| |
| !-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+
| |
| !-
| |
| !-
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Diminished bowel sounds|Breath sounds may be decreased or absent]] on the side of [[hypoplasia]]
| |
| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Basic metabolic panel|Abnormal BMP]]
| |
| * [[Echocardiography]] is done to rule out [[cardiac]] [[complications]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows crowded [[ribs]] and low thoracic-to- abdominal ratio
| |
| * [[CT scan]] of [[chest]]
| |
| !↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
| |
| !_
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Myopathic|Myopathic facies]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Metabolic alkalosis]]
| |
| !-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !_
| |
| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Anion gap|Serum Anion Gap]] is elevated
| |
| * [[Electrolyte disturbance|Abnormal Urine Sodium Ion Concentration]]
| |
| !_
| |
| !_
| |
| !_
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Hypokalemia]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Sepsis]]
| |
| !-
| |
| !+
| |
| !-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !-
| |
| !-
| |
| !Normal
| |
| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Neutrophilia|CBC shows ↑WBC (neutrophilia)]]
| |
| !Normal
| |
| !Normal
| |
| ![[SIRS|SIRS criteria]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Chills]]
| |
| * [[Confusion]]
| |
| |-
| |
| !ROHHAD<ref name="pmid3991276">{{cite journal| author=duRivage SK, Winter RJ, Brouillette RT, Hunt CE, Noah Z| title=Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction and impaired control of breathing. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1985 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 896-8 | pmid=3991276 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3991276 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14320765">{{cite journal| author=FISHMAN LS, SAMSON JH, SPERLING DR| title=PRIMARY ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME (ONDINE'S CURSE). | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1965 | volume= 110 | issue= | pages= 155-61 | pmid=14320765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14320765 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20727534">{{cite journal| author=Paz-Priel I, Cooke DW, Chen AR| title=Cyclophosphamide for rapid-onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation syndrome. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 337-9 | pmid=20727534 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.006 | pmc=3976575 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20727534 }} </ref>
| |
| !-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !+
| |
| !+/-
| |
| !-
| |
| !-
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Displaced point of maximal impulse|Displaced cardiac impulse]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[P2|Loud pulmonic second heart sound]]
| |
| !↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Serum bicarbonate|Abnormal Serum bicarbonate levels]]
| |
| * [[Polysomnography|Attended laboratory nocturnal polysomnography]]
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Lateral]] [[neck]] [[Radiography|radiographs]] shows [[Airway constriction|airway narrowing]]
| |
| * [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] shows [[Chest wall deformities|chest wall deformity]]
| |
| !↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
| |
| !_
| |
| !
| |
| * [[Hypothalamus|Hypothalamic]] [[Endocrine system|endocrine]] manifestations
| |
| * [[Tumors]] of [[Neural crest cell|neural crest origin]]
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Obstructive lung Diseases ==
| |
|
| |
| == Restrictive lung Diseases ==
| |
|
| |
| == Wheeze ==
| |
| <references />
| |