Schizophrenia risk factors: Difference between revisions

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{{Schizophrenia}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
 
[[Risk-benefit analysis|Risk]] factors for [[schizophrenia]] include the [[Seasonal affective disorder (patient information)|season]] of [[birth]] (late winter, early spring, summer) and [[genetic]] predisposition.
[[Risk-benefit analysis|Risk]] factors for [[schizophrenia]] include the season of birth (late winter, early spring, summer) and [[genetic]] predisposition.<ref name="DSMV">{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*Season of birth:
The following are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia:<ref name="DSMV">{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
:*Early spring
*[[Seasonal affective disorder|Season]] of birth:
:*Summer
:*Early [[Spring (hydrosphere)|spring]]
:*Winter
:*[[Summer Institute for the Gifted|Summer]]
:*[[Winters' formula|Winter]]
*Place of growing up:
*Place of growing up:
:*Urban areas
:*[[Urban-Rogers-Meyer syndrome|Urban]] areas
*Genetic predisposition to:
*[[Genetic]] predisposition to:
:*[[Bipolar disorder]]
:*[[Bipolar disorder]]
:*[[Depression]]
:*[[Depression]]
:*[[Autism spectrum disorder]]<ref name="DSMV">{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
:*[[Autism spectrum disorder]]<ref name="DSMV">{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>


=== Prenatal ===
===Prenatal===
It is thought that causal factors can initially come together in early [[neurodevelopment]], including during pregnancy, to increase the risk of later developing schizophrenia. One curious finding is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in winter or spring, (at least in the northern hemisphere).<ref name="fn_21">Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. (2003). A [[systematic review]] and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. ''Schizophrenia Bulletin'', 29 (3), 587&ndash;93. PMID 14609251</ref> There is now evidence that [[prenatal]] exposure to infections increases the risk for developing schizophrenia later in life, providing additional evidence for a link between in utero developmental pathology and risk of developing the condition.<ref name="fn_73">Brown, A.S. (2006). Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. ''Schizophrenia Bulletin'', 32 (2), 200–2. PMID 16469941</ref>
*It is thought that causal factors can initially come together in early [[neurodevelopment]], including during [[pregnancy]], to increase the [[Risk-benefit analysis|risk]] of later developing [[schizophrenia]].  
*One curious [[Findings on urinalysis|finding]] is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in winter or spring, (at least in the [[Northern blot|northern]] [[Hemispherectomy|hemisphere]]).<ref name="fn_21">Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. (2003). A [[systematic review]] and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. ''Schizophrenia Bulletin'', 29 (3), 587&ndash;93. PMID 14609251</ref>  
*There is now [[evidence]] that [[prenatal]] exposure to [[infections]] increases the risk for developing schizophrenia later in life, providing additional evidence for a link between in [[Uteroglobin|utero]] [[developmental]] [[pathology]] and risk of developing the [[condition]].<ref name="fn_73">Brown, A.S. (2006). Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. ''Schizophrenia Bulletin'', 32 (2), 200–2. PMID 16469941</ref>


=== Social ===
===Social===
Living in an [[Urban area|urban]] environment has been consistently found to be a risk factor for schizophrenia.<ref name="vanOs_et_al_2005">van Os J, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome. ''Current Opinion in Psychiatry'', 18 (2), 141-5. PMID 16639166</ref> Social disadvantage has been found to be a risk factor, including poverty<ref>Mueser KT & McGurk SR. (2004) Schizophrenia. ''Lancet.'' June 19;363(9426):2063-72. PMID 15207959</ref> and migration related to social adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment or poor housing conditions.<ref name="Selten_et_al_2007">Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. (2007) Migration and schizophrenia. ''Current Opininion in Psychiatry'', 20 (2), 111-5. PMID 17278906</ref> Childhood experiences of abuse or trauma have also been implicated as risk factors for a diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life.<ref name="Schenkel_et_al_2005">Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D, Silverstein SM (2005). Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. ''Schizophrenia Research'', 76(2–3), 273–286. PMID 15949659</ref><ref name="Janssen_et_al_2004">Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, ''et al'' (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica'', 109, 38–45. PMID 14674957</ref> Parenting is not held responsible for schizophrenia but unsupportive dysfunctional relationships may contribute to an increased risk.<ref>Subotnik, KL, Goldstein, MJ, Nuechterlein, KH, Woo, SM and Mintz, J. (2002) Are Communication Deviance and Expressed Emotion Related to Family History of Psychiatric Disorders in Schizophrenia? ''Schizophr Bull.'' 28(4):719-29 PMID 12795501</ref>
*Living in an [[Urban area|urban]] [[Environment, Health and Safety|environment]] has been consistently found to be a [[risk factor]] for [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="vanOs_et_al_2005">van Os J, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome. ''Current Opinion in Psychiatry'', 18 (2), 141-5. PMID 16639166</ref>  
*Social disadvantage has been found to be a risk factor, including [[Poverty of the stimulus|poverty]] and migration related to [[Social (pragmatic) communication disorder|social]] adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment or poor housing conditions.<ref>Mueser KT & McGurk SR. (2004) Schizophrenia. ''Lancet.'' June 19;363(9426):2063-72. PMID 15207959</ref><ref name="Selten_et_al_2007">Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. (2007) Migration and schizophrenia. ''Current Opininion in Psychiatry'', 20 (2), 111-5. PMID 17278906</ref>  
*Childhood experiences of abuse or trauma have also been implicated as risk factors for a diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life.<ref name="Schenkel_et_al_2005">Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D, Silverstein SM (2005). Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. ''Schizophrenia Research'', 76(2–3), 273–286. PMID 15949659</ref><ref name="Janssen_et_al_2004">Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, ''et al'' (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica'', 109, 38–45. PMID 14674957</ref>
*Parenting is not held responsible for schizophrenia but unsupportive dysfunctional relationships may contribute to an increased risk.<ref>Subotnik, KL, Goldstein, MJ, Nuechterlein, KH, Woo, SM and Mintz, J. (2002) Are Communication Deviance and Expressed Emotion Related to Family History of Psychiatric Disorders in Schizophrenia? ''Schizophr Bull.'' 28(4):719-29 PMID 12795501</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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Latest revision as of 00:05, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2], Irfan Dotani

Overview

Risk factors for schizophrenia include the season of birth (late winter, early spring, summer) and genetic predisposition.

Risk Factors

The following are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia:[1]

  • Place of growing up:

Prenatal

Social

  • Living in an urban environment has been consistently found to be a risk factor for schizophrenia.[4]
  • Social disadvantage has been found to be a risk factor, including poverty and migration related to social adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment or poor housing conditions.[5][6]
  • Childhood experiences of abuse or trauma have also been implicated as risk factors for a diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life.[7][8]
  • Parenting is not held responsible for schizophrenia but unsupportive dysfunctional relationships may contribute to an increased risk.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
  2. ↑ Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. (2003). A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29 (3), 587–93. PMID 14609251
  3. ↑ Brown, A.S. (2006). Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32 (2), 200–2. PMID 16469941
  4. ↑ van Os J, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18 (2), 141-5. PMID 16639166
  5. ↑ Mueser KT & McGurk SR. (2004) Schizophrenia. Lancet. June 19;363(9426):2063-72. PMID 15207959
  6. ↑ Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. (2007) Migration and schizophrenia. Current Opininion in Psychiatry, 20 (2), 111-5. PMID 17278906
  7. ↑ Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D, Silverstein SM (2005). Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 76(2–3), 273–286. PMID 15949659
  8. ↑ Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, et al (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 38–45. PMID 14674957
  9. ↑ Subotnik, KL, Goldstein, MJ, Nuechterlein, KH, Woo, SM and Mintz, J. (2002) Are Communication Deviance and Expressed Emotion Related to Family History of Psychiatric Disorders in Schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 28(4):719-29 PMID 12795501

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