Respiratory failure natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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{{Respiratory failure}} | {{Respiratory failure}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKA}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated | Common complications of respiratory failure include, [[pulmonary emboli]], [[barotrauma]], [[fibrosis]] and [[pneumonia]]. If left untreated patients with respiratory failure may progress to develop [[sepsis]] and [[multiple organ failure]] which increases [[mortality]]. The [[mortality rate]] of respiratory failure is approximately 29%-42%. | ||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
*If left untreated, patients with respiratory failure may progress to develop sepsis and multiple organ failure which increases mortality.<ref name="pmid8118729">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss SM, Hudson LD |title=Outcome from respiratory failure |journal=Crit Care Clin |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=197–215 |date=January 1994 |pmid=8118729 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *If left untreated, patients with respiratory failure may progress to develop [[sepsis]] and [[multiple organ failure]] which increases [[mortality]].<ref name="pmid8118729">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss SM, Hudson LD |title=Outcome from respiratory failure |journal=Crit Care Clin |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=197–215 |date=January 1994 |pmid=8118729 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The symptoms of respiratory failure have a higher [[incidence]] and are more severe in patients ≥ 65 years of age.<ref name="pmid11035684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Behrendt CE |title=Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31-day survival |journal=Chest |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=1100–5 |date=October 2000 |pmid=11035684 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
*Pulmonary complications of respiratory failure include:<ref name="pmid6405105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pingleton SK |title=Complications of acute respiratory failure |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=725–46 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6405105 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Pulmonary]] complications of respiratory failure include:<ref name="pmid6405105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pingleton SK |title=Complications of acute respiratory failure |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=725–46 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6405105 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Pulmonary emboli | **[[Pulmonary emboli]] | ||
**Barotrauma | **[[Barotrauma]] | ||
**Fibrosis | **[[Fibrosis]] | ||
**Pneumonia | **[[Pneumonia]] | ||
*Extra-pulmonary complications of respiratory failure include:<ref name="pmid6405105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pingleton SK |title=Complications of acute respiratory failure |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=725–46 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6405105 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Extra-pulmonary complications of respiratory failure include:<ref name="pmid6405105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pingleton SK |title=Complications of acute respiratory failure |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=725–46 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6405105 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | **[[Gastrointestinal hemorrhage]] | ||
**Renal failure | **[[Renal failure]] | ||
**Infection | **[[Infection]] | ||
**Thrombocytopenia | **[[Thrombocytopenia]] | ||
===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
*The resolution of pulmonary edema and inflammation are important for determining the recovery from lung injury.{{cite journal |vauthors=Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA |title=Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: four decades of inquiry into pathogenesis and rational management |journal=Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–27 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16172252 |pmc=2715340 |doi=10.1165/rcmb.F305 |url=}} | *The resolution of [[pulmonary edema]] and [[inflammation]] are important for determining the recovery from [[lung]] injury.<ref name="pmid16172252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA |title=Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: four decades of inquiry into pathogenesis and rational management |journal=Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–27 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16172252 |pmc=2715340 |doi=10.1165/rcmb.F305 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Long term prognosis of patients with respiratory failure depends on the severity of underlying disease. | *Long term prognosis of patients with respiratory failure depends on the severity of underlying disease. | ||
*Recovery of pulmonary function is variable and determined by the severity of the acute episode. | *Recovery of pulmonary function is variable and determined by the severity of the acute episode. | ||
*Acute respiratory failure has a poor prognosis when there is an underlying hematologic malignancy. | *Acute respiratory failure has a poor prognosis when there is an underlying [[hematologic malignancy]]. | ||
*The [[mortality rate]] of respiratory failure is approximately 29%-42%.<ref name="pmid20073554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson ER, Matthay MA |title=Acute lung injury: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=243–52 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20073554 |pmc=3133560 |doi=10.1089/jamp.2009.0775 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]
Overview
Common complications of respiratory failure include, pulmonary emboli, barotrauma, fibrosis and pneumonia. If left untreated patients with respiratory failure may progress to develop sepsis and multiple organ failure which increases mortality. The mortality rate of respiratory failure is approximately 29%-42%.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- If left untreated, patients with respiratory failure may progress to develop sepsis and multiple organ failure which increases mortality.[1]
- The symptoms of respiratory failure have a higher incidence and are more severe in patients ≥ 65 years of age.[2]
Complications
- Extra-pulmonary complications of respiratory failure include:[3]
Prognosis
- The resolution of pulmonary edema and inflammation are important for determining the recovery from lung injury.[4]
- Long term prognosis of patients with respiratory failure depends on the severity of underlying disease.
- Recovery of pulmonary function is variable and determined by the severity of the acute episode.
- Acute respiratory failure has a poor prognosis when there is an underlying hematologic malignancy.
- The mortality rate of respiratory failure is approximately 29%-42%.[5]
References
- ↑ Weiss SM, Hudson LD (January 1994). "Outcome from respiratory failure". Crit Care Clin. 10 (1): 197–215. PMID 8118729.
- ↑ Behrendt CE (October 2000). "Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31-day survival". Chest. 118 (4): 1100–5. PMID 11035684.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pingleton SK (May 1983). "Complications of acute respiratory failure". Med. Clin. North Am. 67 (3): 725–46. PMID 6405105.
- ↑ Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA (October 2005). "Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: four decades of inquiry into pathogenesis and rational management". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 33 (4): 319–27. doi:10.1165/rcmb.F305. PMC 2715340. PMID 16172252.
- ↑ Johnson ER, Matthay MA (August 2010). "Acute lung injury: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment". J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 23 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1089/jamp.2009.0775. PMC 3133560. PMID 20073554.