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==Overview==
==Overview==
Many medications are used to treat problems associated with ASD.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Harv Rev Psychiatry |date=2008 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=97–112 |title= Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents |author= Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, Findling RL |doi=10.1080/10673220802075852 |pmid=18415882}}</ref> More than half of U.S. children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed [[psychoactive drug]]s or [[anticonvulsant]]s, with the most common drug classes being [[antidepressant]]s, [[stimulant]]s, and [[antipsychotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol |date=2007 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=348–55 |title= Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders |author= Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA |doi=10.1089/cap.2006.17303 |pmid=17630868}}</ref> Aside from antipsychotics,<ref>{{cite journal |journal= J Clin Invest |date=2008 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |title= Antipsychotics in the treatment of autism |author= Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ |doi=10.1172/JCI32483 |pmid=18172517 |url=http://jci.org/cgi/content/full/118/1/6}}</ref> there is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD.<ref>Lack of research on drug treatments:
There is no pharmacologic medical therapy to completely cure autism spectrum disorder. However, pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with autism spectrum disorder to relieve common autistic symptoms such as [[Seizure|seizures]], [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], [[irritability]], and [[hyperactivity]]. Medical therapy must be accompanied by [[Behaviour therapy|behavioral therapies]] to be more effective. [[Risperidone]] and [[aripiprazole]] are approved by [[FDA]] to control irritability for children. [[Antipsychotics]], [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]], [[Tricyclic antidepressant|tricyclic antidepressants]], and [[stimulant]]s are used to control symptoms of autistic children. Supplements including high dose [[pyridoxine]] ([[vitamin B6]]) and [[magnesium]] (HPDM), [[dimethylglycine]], [[vitamin C]], [[probiotics]], and [[melatonin]] might be used to alleviate the symptoms of autism. There is no scientific evidence indicating effectiveness of different [[Diet (nutrition)|diets]] in patients with ASD. However, many testimonials can be found describing benefits of [[gluten-free diet]] in autism-related symptoms. [[Hyperbaric medicine|Hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] and [[stem cell therapy]] have been proposed to treat autism.
*{{cite journal |journal= Aust Fam Physician |year=2007 |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=741–4 |title= Children and autism—part 1—recognition and pharmacological management |author= Angley M, Young R, Ellis D, Chan W, McKinnon R |pmid=17915375 |url=http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/AustralianFamilyPhys/2007issues/afp200709/200709angley.pdf |format=PDF}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Autism |date=2007 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=335–48 |title= Systematic review of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder |author= Broadstock M, Doughty C, Eggleston M |doi=10.1177/1362361307078132 |pmid=17656398}}</ref> A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications, the medications can have [[Adverse effect (medicine)|adverse effects]], and no known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments.<ref name="Strock">{{cite paper |author=Strock M |date=2008 |title= Autism spectrum disorders (pervasive developmental disorders) |publisher= National Institute of Mental Health |url=http://nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism/complete-publication.shtml |accessdate=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal= Novartis Found Symp |date=2003 |volume=251 |pages= 235–44; discussion 245–9, 281–97 |title= Why have drug treatments been so disappointing? |author= Buitelaar JK |doi=10.1002/0470869380.ch14 |pmid=14521196}}</ref>
==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
* There is no pharmacologic medical therapy to completely cure autism spectrum disorder. However, pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with autism spectrum disorder to relieve common autistic symptoms such as [[Seizure|seizures]], [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], [[irritability]], and [[hyperactivity]].<ref name="Levy" /><ref>{{cite book |author= Schreibman L |title= The Science and Fiction of Autism |date=2005 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn=0674019318 |chapter= Critical evaluation of issues in autism |chapterurl=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/pdf/SCHSCI_excerpt.pdf}}</ref>
* There is no pharmacologic medical therapy to completely cure autism spectrum disorder. However, pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with autism spectrum disorder to relieve common autistic symptoms such as [[Seizure|seizures]], [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], [[irritability]], and [[hyperactivity]].<ref name="Levy" /><ref>{{cite book |author= Schreibman L |title= The Science and Fiction of Autism |date=2005 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn=0674019318 |chapter= Critical evaluation of issues in autism |chapterurl=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/pdf/SCHSCI_excerpt.pdf}}</ref>
* Medical therapy must be accompanied by behavioral therapies to be more effective.
* Medical therapy must be accompanied by [[Behaviour therapy|behavioral therapies]] to be more effective.
* Risperidone is approved by FDA to control irritability for children between 5 years and 16 years of age.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Pediatr Drugs |year=2007 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=249–66 |title= Atypical antipsychotics in children with pervasive developmental disorders |author= Chavez B, Chavez-Brown M, Sopko MA Jr, Rey JA |pmid=17705564}}</ref>
* [[Risperidone]] and [[aripiprazole]] are approved by [[FDA]] to control irritability for children.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Pediatr Drugs |year=2007 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=249–66 |title= Atypical antipsychotics in children with pervasive developmental disorders |author= Chavez B, Chavez-Brown M, Sopko MA Jr, Rey JA |pmid=17705564}}</ref>
* Other drugs might be used to improve symptoms of autism. However, drugs must be prescribed on a trial basis to check their efficacy and safety.
* Other drugs might be used to improve symptoms of autism. However, drugs must be prescribed on a trial basis to check their efficacy and safety.


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**1.1.1 [[Atypical antipsychotics]]
**1.1.1 [[Atypical antipsychotics]]
***1.1.1.1 [[Risperidone]]
***1.1.1.1 [[Risperidone]]
****Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
****'''Children 5-16 years of age and 15-20 kg'''
Note: Short term side effects are [[weight gain]], [[drowsiness]], and [[hyperglycemia]].
*****Preferred regimen (1): [[risperidone]] 0.25 mg PO qd for 4 days, then 0.5 mg PO qd for 14 days (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.25 mg/d for 2 weeks interval till maximum 0.5 to 3 mg/d)
****'''Children 5-16 years of age and >20 kg'''
*****Preferred regimen (1): [[risperidone]] 0.5 mg PO qd for 4 days, then 1 mg PO qd for 14 days (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.5 mg/d for 2 weeks interval till maximum 0.5 to 3 mg/d)
'''Note''': Short term side effects of [[risperidone]] are [[weight gain]], [[drowsiness]], and [[hyperglycemia]].
::*1.1.1.2 [[Aripiprazole]]
::*1.1.1.2 [[Aripiprazole]]
:::*Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
:::*Preferred regimen (1): [[aripiprazole]] 2 mg PO qd for 7 days, then 5 mg PO qd (gradually increase the dose in increments of 5 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 15 mg/d) (Specific population e.g. '''children 6-17 years of age''')
::*1.1.1.3 [[Olanzapine]]<ref name="Posey">{{cite journal |journal= J Clin Invest |date=2008 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |title= Antipsychotics in the treatment of autism |author= Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ |doi=10.1172/JCI32483 |pmid=18172517 |url=http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/118/1/6}}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
:*1.1.2 [[Typical antipsychotic|Typical antipsychotics]]
:*1.1.2 [[Typical antipsychotic|Typical antipsychotics]]
::*1.1.2.1 [[Haloperidol]]
::*1.1.2.1 [[Haloperidol]]
:::*Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
::**'''Children 3-12 years of age and 15-40 kg'''
::***Preferred regimen (1): [[haloperidol]] 0.5 mg PO per day divided in 2-3 doses (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.5 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 0.05 to 0.075 mg/kg/day)
::**'''Children >40 kg and adolescents'''
::***Preferred regimen (1): [[haloperidol]] 0.5-15 mg PO per day divided in 2-3 doses (maximum 15 mg/day)
* 1.2 [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] ([[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]])<ref name="pharmacotherapy">{{cite journal |journal= Expert Opin Pharmacother |year=2007 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1579–603 |title= The status of pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorders |author= Myers SM |doi=10.1517/14656566.8.11.1579 |pmid=17685878}}</ref>
* 1.2 [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] ([[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]])<ref name="pharmacotherapy">{{cite journal |journal= Expert Opin Pharmacother |year=2007 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1579–603 |title= The status of pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorders |author= Myers SM |doi=10.1517/14656566.8.11.1579 |pmid=17685878}}</ref>
** 1.2.1 [[Fluvoxamine]]
** 1.2.1 [[Fluoxetine]]
*** Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
*** '''Children >5 years and adolescents'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[fluoxetine]] 2.5 mg PO qd for 7 days (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 00.8 mg/kg/day)
** 1.2.2 [[Escitalopram]]
*** '''Children 6-17 years'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[escitalopram]] 2.5 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 5 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 20 mg/d)
** 1.2.3 [[Fluvoxamine]]
*** '''Children 8-17 years'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[Fluvoxamine]] 25 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 25 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 200-300 mg/d)
***'''Adult'''
****Preferred regimen (1): [[Fluvoxamine]] 50 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 50 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 300 mg/d)
'''Note''': One of the most important side effects of [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]] in children with ASD is [[Suicide|suicidal]] impulses.
'''Note''': One of the most important side effects of [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]] in children with ASD is [[Suicide|suicidal]] impulses.
* 1.3 [[Dopamine antagonist|Dopamine blockers]]
* 1.3 [[Tricyclic antidepressant]]
* 1.4 [[Tricyclic antidepressant]]  
** 1.3.1 [[Clomipramine]]
** 1.4.1 [[Clomipramine]]
****'''Children >10 years'''
*** Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
*****Preferred regimen (1): [[Clomipramine]] 25 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 3 mg/kg/d or 100 mg/d for 14 days interval till maximum 3 mg/kg/d or 200 mg/d)
* 1.5 [[Psychostimulant]]  
****'''Adult'''
*****Preferred regimen (1): [[Clomipramine]] 25 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 100 mg/d for 14 days interval till maximum 250 mg/d)
* 1.4 [[Psychostimulant]]  
** 1.5.1 [[Methylphenidate]]
** 1.5.1 [[Methylphenidate]]
*** Preferred regimen (1): risperidone (Specific population e.g. '''children 5-16 years of age''')
*** Preferred regimen (1): [[Methylphenidate]] 0.43-0.60 mg/kg/dose PO
* 1.6 [[Anticonvulsant|Anticonvulsants]]


===2 Supplements===
===2 Supplements===
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===3 Diets===
===3 Diets===
* There is no scientific evidence indicating effectiveness of different diets in patients with ASD. However, many testimonials can be found describing benefits of such diets in autism-related symptoms, notably social engagement and verbal skills.<ref name="Dominick">{{cite journal |journal= Res Dev Disabil |year=2007 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=145–62 |title= Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment |author= Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003 |pmid=16581226}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal= J Autism Dev Disord |date=2005 |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=713–27 |title= Gastrointestinal factors in autistic disorder: a critical review |author= Erickson CA, Stigler KA, Corkins MR, Posey DJ, Fitzgerald JF, McDougle CJ |doi=10.1007/s10803-005-0019-4 |pmid=16267642}}</ref>
* There is no scientific evidence indicating effectiveness of different diets in patients with ASD. However, many testimonials can be found describing benefits of following diets in autism-related symptoms, notably social engagement and verbal skills.<ref name="Dominick">{{cite journal |journal= Res Dev Disabil |year=2007 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=145–62 |title= Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment |author= Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003 |pmid=16581226}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal= J Autism Dev Disord |date=2005 |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=713–27 |title= Gastrointestinal factors in autistic disorder: a critical review |author= Erickson CA, Stigler KA, Corkins MR, Posey DJ, Fitzgerald JF, McDougle CJ |doi=10.1007/s10803-005-0019-4 |pmid=16267642}}</ref>
* 3.1 Diet low in [[gluten]] and [[casein]] is promoted in children with ASD.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Reichelt KL, Knivsberg A-M, Lind G, Nødland M |title= Probable etiology and possible treatment of childhood autism |journal= Brain Dysfunct |year=1991 |volume=4 |pages=308–19}}</ref>
* 3.1 Diet low in [[gluten]] and [[casein]] is promoted in children with ASD.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Reichelt KL, Knivsberg A-M, Lind G, Nødland M |title= Probable etiology and possible treatment of childhood autism |journal= Brain Dysfunct |year=1991 |volume=4 |pages=308–19}}</ref>
* 3.2 Elimination diets targeting [[salicylates]], [[food dye]]s, [[yeast]], and simple sugars might be helpful in patients with ASD.<ref name="Christison">{{cite journal |journal= J Dev Behav Pediatr |date=2006 |volume=27 |issue=2 Suppl 2| pages=S162–71 |title= Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? |author= Christison GW, Ivany K |pmid=16685183}}</ref>
* 3.2 Elimination diets targeting [[salicylates]], [[food dye]]s, [[yeast]], and simple sugars might be helpful in patients with ASD.<ref name="Christison">{{cite journal |journal= J Dev Behav Pediatr |date=2006 |volume=27 |issue=2 Suppl 2| pages=S162–71 |title= Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? |author= Christison GW, Ivany K |pmid=16685183}}</ref>
Line 71: Line 83:
===5 Stem Cell Therapy===
===5 Stem Cell Therapy===
* [[Mesenchymal stem cells]] and [[cord blood]] [[CD34]]+ cells<ref>{{cite journal |journal=J Transl Med |year=2007  |volume=5 |issue=30 |title= Stem cell therapy for autism |author= Ichim TE, Solano F, Glenn E ''et al.'' |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-5-30 |pmid=17597540 |url=http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/5/1/30}}</ref>
* [[Mesenchymal stem cells]] and [[cord blood]] [[CD34]]+ cells<ref>{{cite journal |journal=J Transl Med |year=2007  |volume=5 |issue=30 |title= Stem cell therapy for autism |author= Ichim TE, Solano F, Glenn E ''et al.'' |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-5-30 |pmid=17597540 |url=http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/5/1/30}}</ref>
** It have been proposed to treat autism.
** They have been proposed to treat autism.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:50, 1 April 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

There is no pharmacologic medical therapy to completely cure autism spectrum disorder. However, pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with autism spectrum disorder to relieve common autistic symptoms such as seizures, sleep disturbances, irritability, and hyperactivity. Medical therapy must be accompanied by behavioral therapies to be more effective. Risperidone and aripiprazole are approved by FDA to control irritability for children. Antipsychotics, SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and stimulants are used to control symptoms of autistic children. Supplements including high dose pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and magnesium (HPDM), dimethylglycine, vitamin C, probiotics, and melatonin might be used to alleviate the symptoms of autism. There is no scientific evidence indicating effectiveness of different diets in patients with ASD. However, many testimonials can be found describing benefits of gluten-free diet in autism-related symptoms. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and stem cell therapy have been proposed to treat autism.

Medical Therapy

  • There is no pharmacologic medical therapy to completely cure autism spectrum disorder. However, pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with autism spectrum disorder to relieve common autistic symptoms such as seizures, sleep disturbances, irritability, and hyperactivity.[1][2]
  • Medical therapy must be accompanied by behavioral therapies to be more effective.
  • Risperidone and aripiprazole are approved by FDA to control irritability for children.[3]
  • Other drugs might be used to improve symptoms of autism. However, drugs must be prescribed on a trial basis to check their efficacy and safety.

1 Medications

  • 1.1 Antipsychotics
    • 1.1.1 Atypical antipsychotics
      • 1.1.1.1 Risperidone
        • Children 5-16 years of age and 15-20 kg
          • Preferred regimen (1): risperidone 0.25 mg PO qd for 4 days, then 0.5 mg PO qd for 14 days (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.25 mg/d for 2 weeks interval till maximum 0.5 to 3 mg/d)
        • Children 5-16 years of age and >20 kg
          • Preferred regimen (1): risperidone 0.5 mg PO qd for 4 days, then 1 mg PO qd for 14 days (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.5 mg/d for 2 weeks interval till maximum 0.5 to 3 mg/d)

Note: Short term side effects of risperidone are weight gain, drowsiness, and hyperglycemia.

  • Preferred regimen (1): aripiprazole 2 mg PO qd for 7 days, then 5 mg PO qd (gradually increase the dose in increments of 5 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 15 mg/d) (Specific population e.g. children 6-17 years of age)
  • 1.1.2.1 Haloperidol
    • Children 3-12 years of age and 15-40 kg
      • Preferred regimen (1): haloperidol 0.5 mg PO per day divided in 2-3 doses (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.5 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 0.05 to 0.075 mg/kg/day)
    • Children >40 kg and adolescents
      • Preferred regimen (1): haloperidol 0.5-15 mg PO per day divided in 2-3 doses (maximum 15 mg/day)
  • 1.2 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)[4]
    • 1.2.1 Fluoxetine
      • Children >5 years and adolescents
        • Preferred regimen (1): fluoxetine 2.5 mg PO qd for 7 days (gradually increase the dose in increments of 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 00.8 mg/kg/day)
    • 1.2.2 Escitalopram
      • Children 6-17 years
        • Preferred regimen (1): escitalopram 2.5 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 5 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 20 mg/d)
    • 1.2.3 Fluvoxamine
      • Children 8-17 years
        • Preferred regimen (1): Fluvoxamine 25 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 25 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 200-300 mg/d)
      • Adult
        • Preferred regimen (1): Fluvoxamine 50 mg PO qd initially (gradually increase the dose in increments of 50 mg/d for 7 days interval till maximum 300 mg/d)

Note: One of the most important side effects of SSRIs in children with ASD is suicidal impulses.

2 Supplements

  • Supplements might be used to alleviate the symptoms of autism.
  • 2.1 High dose pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and magnesium (HPDM)
    • It is the most popular supplement that is used for autism. However, due to the limited data it is not scientifically proven to be more effective than placebo.[5][6][7]

Note: Side effect of high dose of pyridoxine is peripheral neuropathy in adults.

Note: Side effects of high doses of magnesium are bradycardia, weakened reflexes, and seizures.

Note: Side effects of high doses of vitamin C are kidney stones and diarrhea.

Note: Side effects of melatonin are drowsiness, headache, dizziness, nausea, and an increase in seizure frequency among susceptible children.[5]

3 Diets

  • There is no scientific evidence indicating effectiveness of different diets in patients with ASD. However, many testimonials can be found describing benefits of following diets in autism-related symptoms, notably social engagement and verbal skills.[8][9]
  • 3.1 Diet low in gluten and casein is promoted in children with ASD.[10]
  • 3.2 Elimination diets targeting salicylates, food dyes, yeast, and simple sugars might be helpful in patients with ASD.[11]

4 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

5 Stem Cell Therapy

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Levy SE, Hyman SL (2005). "Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders". Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 11 (2): 131–42. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20062. PMID 15977319.
  2. ↑ Schreibman L (2005). "Critical evaluation of issues in autism" (PDF). The Science and Fiction of Autism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674019318.
  3. ↑ Chavez B, Chavez-Brown M, Sopko MA Jr, Rey JA (2007). "Atypical antipsychotics in children with pervasive developmental disorders". Pediatr Drugs. 9 (4): 249–66. PMID 17705564.
  4. ↑ Myers SM (2007). "The status of pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorders". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (11): 1579–603. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.11.1579. PMID 17685878.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Angley M, Semple S, Hewton C, Paterson F, McKinnon R (2007). "Children and autism—part 2—management with complementary medicines and dietary interventions" (PDF). Aust Fam Physician. 36 (10): 827–30. PMID 17925903.
  6. ↑ Francis K (2005). "Autism interventions: a critical update" (PDF). Dev Med Child Neurol. 47 (7): 493–9. PMID 15991872.
  7. ↑ Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA (2002). "Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence". S ci Rev Ment Health Pract. 1 (1): 23–43.
  8. ↑ Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S (2007). "Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment". Res Dev Disabil. 28 (2): 145–62. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003. PMID 16581226.
  9. ↑ Erickson CA, Stigler KA, Corkins MR, Posey DJ, Fitzgerald JF, McDougle CJ (2005). "Gastrointestinal factors in autistic disorder: a critical review". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (6): 713–27. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0019-4. PMID 16267642.
  10. ↑ Reichelt KL, Knivsberg A-M, Lind G, Nødland M (1991). "Probable etiology and possible treatment of childhood autism". Brain Dysfunct. 4: 308–19.
  11. ↑ Christison GW, Ivany K (2006). "Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?". J Dev Behav Pediatr. 27 (2 Suppl 2): S162–71. PMID 16685183.
  12. ↑ Rossignol DA (2007). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy might improve certain pathophysiological findings in autism". Med Hypotheses. 68 (6): 1208–27. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.064. PMID 17141962.
  13. ↑ Schechtman MA (2007). "Scientifically unsupported therapies in the treatment of young children with autism spectrum disorders" (PDF). Pediatr Ann. 36 (8): 497–8, 500–2, 504–5. PMID 17849608.
  14. ↑ Ichim TE, Solano F, Glenn E; et al. (2007). "Stem cell therapy for autism". J Transl Med. 5 (30). doi:10.1186/1479-5876-5-30. PMID 17597540.

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