Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:42, 28 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning^[1]^[2]	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	Not applicable	↓HCO3	LFT	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae	Not applicable	Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma	Not applicable	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
	Cholera^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]	+/-	+	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)^[8]^[9]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, Leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑Troponin	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions	Pulmonary edema	Not applicable	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration^[10]^[11]	+	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting^[12]^[13]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid	Not applicable	Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase	Normal	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Drugs/toxins^[14]^[15]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC	↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding^[16]^[17]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Heart disease^[18]^[19]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage^[20]^[21]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	Not applicable	Metabolic acidosis	Not applicable	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	Not applicable	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography	-
	Hemolysis^[22]^[23]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome^[24]^[25]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	Not applicable	Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy^[26]^[27]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	Not applicable	Not applicable	Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP	Not applicable	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[28]^[29]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio	Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension^[30]^[31]	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection	Not applicable	Not applicable	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-
	Myocarditis^[32]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy	Not applicable
	Peritonitis^[33]^[34]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Polycythemia^[35]^[36]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[37]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock^[38]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism	Not applicable	-	-
	Toxic megacolon^[39]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis, Anemia, ↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Not applicable	Not applicable	Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated colon > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops	Dilated colon, Free intraperitoneal air	Bowel perforation, Abscess	Not applicable	Not applicable	Endoscopy and colonoscopy	-
Etiology		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
Renal causes	Acute interstitial nephritis^[40]^[41]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	Not applicable	Eosinophiluria, Sterile pyuria, Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria	Not applicable	↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4	Normal-sized kidneys	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	History of long term analgesic use
	Acute tubular necrosis^[42]^[43]	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	Not applicable	Not applicable	Obstructive uropathy, Renal size, Cortical thickness, Hydronephrosis	Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, Swollen tubular cells, Loss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy	Furosemide stress testing for staging
	Cancer^[44]^[45]	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Normocytic or microcytic anemia, Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑Reticulocytes, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Gross hematuria	Not applicable	LFT	Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass	Calcification and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in barium contrast	Metastasis and staging, Cystic and solid masses, Lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	Soft tissue invasion and staging	Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture	Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), Chromophilic (15%), Chromophobic (5%), Oncocytoma (3%), Collecting duct (2%)
	Congenital kidney disease^[46]^[47]^[48] - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	↑HCT	↓GFR	↓P, ↓Ca	Microalbuminuria, Uricosuria	Not applicable	Genetic testing forADPKD2	Visualization of kidney cysts	Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)	Kidney size, Intracranial aneurysms	Not applicable	-	-
	End stage renal disease^[49]^[50]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anemia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K	Hypoalbuminuria	↓HCO3	Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Alkaline phosphatase, Parathyroid hormone	Hydronephrosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Enlarged or shrunken kidneys	Obstruction in retrograde pyelogram	Renal masses, stones, and cysts	Renal vein thrombosis, Renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography	Percutaneous renal biopsy	-
	Endogenous toxins^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑Urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, Hematuria, Myoglobinuria, Casts	Not applicable	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, Hydronephrosis, Nephrocalcinosis, Urolithiasis	Not applicable	Urolithiasis, Wilms tumor, Polycystic kidney disease	Not applicable	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
	Glomerulonephritis^[56]^[57]^[58]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Pleocytosis, Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Specific gravity > 1.020, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Red blood cell casts, White blood cell casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, Blood and tissue culture, Antinuclear antibodies, Cryoglobulins,Hepatitis B and C serologies, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of fibrosis	Pulmonary congestion	Visceral abscesses	-	Renal biopsy, Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
	Goodpasture syndrome^[59]^[60]^[61]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Low-grade proteinuria, Gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts	Not applicable	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody	Not applicable	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy	-
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[62]^[63]^[64]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, Thrombocytopenia, ↑ aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	Not applicable	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑ Bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, Stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, Swelling of endothelial cells, Fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-
	Nephrolithiasis^[65]^[66]^[67]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis, ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P, ↑Ca, ↑Urate	Gross or microscopic hematuria, Red blood cells, Urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, Hypercalciuria, Urinary pH > 7 in struvite stones (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), Urinary pH < 5 in uric acid stones	↓HCO3, Renal tubular acidosis	-	All types of stones are visible, Hydronephrosis, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Cholelithiasis	Calcium - containing stones, Uric acid or cystine stones, Stone movement	Stone density, size and composition, Hydronephrosis, Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking	Not applicable	Intravenous pyelography (IVP), Renal tomography, Nuclear renal scan	-

References

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↑ Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.
↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.
↑ Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.
↑ Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.
↑ Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.
↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
↑ Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.
↑ Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
↑ Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.
↑ Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.
↑ Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.
↑ Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.
↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
↑ Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.
↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.
↑ Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.
↑ Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
↑ Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

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[pmid28614683-50] Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.

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[pmid6645213-54] Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.

[pmid15202612-55] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.

[pmid2915517-56] Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.

[pmid27373970-57] Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.

[pmid7955787-58] Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.

[pmid12969182-59] Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.

[pmid8914046-60] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid8589284-61] Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.

[pmid15728781-62] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-63] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

[pmid25859752-64] Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

[pmid23283137-65] Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.

[pmid26349951-66] Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.

[pmid14960744-67] Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}
-The following signs may be seen:
+'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
-#Sunsetting signs
-##Associated with tumor
-##Associated with disease
-##Associated with tumor
-#ABC
-#DEF
-<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); DOE ('''dyspnea on [[exercise]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
 {|
-|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
-! rowspan="3" |Diseases
+! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
-! colspan="13" |Clinical manifestations
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
+|-
-! rowspan="3" |Other features
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
-|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
-! colspan="8" |Symptoms
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
-! colspan="5" |Physical exam
-|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
-!Loss of consciousness
-!Agitation
-!Weight loss
-!Fever
-!Chest pain
-!Cough
-!Orthopnea
-!DOE
-!Cyanosis
-!Clubbing
-!JVD
-!Peripheral edema
-!Auscultation
-!CBC
-!ABG
-!Imaging
-!Spirometry
-!Gold standard
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="33" |Acute Dyspnea
-! rowspan="18" |[[Respiratory system]]
-! rowspan="7" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
-Upper [[airway]]
-![[Angioedema]]<ref name="pmid28405953">{{cite journal| author=Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J| title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. | journal=Int J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 15 | pmid=28405953 | doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z | pmc=5389952 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28405953  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
-Upper [[airway]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-![[Goiter]]<ref name="pmid22430090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Ogilvie JB, Yip L, McCoy KL, Faber CN, Carty SE |title=Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=621–6 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22430090 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2012.96 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ingested drug, [[Glucose]], [[Aminoacid]], [[Phosphate]], [[Ketone]], [[Hyaline cast]], [[RBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxicology]], Rapid [[immunoassay]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[TSH]], [[T4]])
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+|-
-![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid7956433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwenk NR, Schapira RM, Byrd JC |title=Laryngeal carcinoma presenting as platypnea |journal=Chest |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=1609–11 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7956433 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Retropharyngeal space|Retropharyngeal tissue]] thickness
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
-![[Vocal cord paralysis]]<ref name="pmid8828523" />
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+|-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pharyngeal constrictor|Pharyngeal constrictor muscles]] thinning, [[uvular]] deviation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-![[Tracheal stenosis]]<ref name="pmid23748638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conti V, Calia N, Pasquini C, Zardi S, Finetti C, Stomeo F, Ravenna F |title=[Chronic cough and worsening dyspnea: a case of idiopathic tracheal stenosis] |language=Italian |journal=Recenti Prog Med |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=156–8 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23748638 |doi=10.1701/1271.14026 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+|-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]], [[Stertorous]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Soft tissue]] thickening internal to normal-appearing [[Trachea|tracheal cartilage]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory distress]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
-! rowspan="14" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-Lower [[airway]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-![[Bronchial asthma]]<ref name="pmid19858243" />
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+|-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pulmonary]] hyperinflation,
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in echocardiography
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement, Multifocal  lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, [[Ascites]], [[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Gynecomastia]], [[Azygos vein]] enlargement, [[Pleural effusion]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Steatosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[Hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in angiography
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[Pulmonary edema]], Rib notching, [[Aortic coarctation]], Mediastinal widening, [[Aortic dissection]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[Fibrinogen]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary edema]], Widened [[mediastinum]], Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[Stroke]], Spinal injury, [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]], ↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], Free intraperitoneal air
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! rowspan="10" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|Sterile pyuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]], [[Proteinuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstructive uropathy]], Renal size, Cortical thickness, [[Hydronephrosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of [[Tubular|tubular cells]] or the denuded tubules, Swollen [[Tubular|tubular cells]], Loss of the cell brush border in [[Kidney|renal biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]] or [[microcytic anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]], ↑[[Reticulocytes]], [[Thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↓[[Erythropoietin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross [[hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcification]] and widened mediastinum,   Filling defects in [[Barium|barium contrast]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Metastasis and [[Cancer staging|staging]], Cystic and solid masses, [[Lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Soft tissue]] invasion and [[Cancer staging|staging]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant]] cystic lesions [[percutaneous]] cyst puncture
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), Chromophilic (15%), [[Chromophobic]] (5%), [[Oncocytoma]] (3%), [[Collecting duct]] (2%)
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+- [[Agenesis]]
-[[Bronchial]] wall thickening
+- [[Dysplasia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Spirometry]] before and after [[bronchodilator]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchiectasis chest x ray|Tram-track opacities]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Productive cough|Chronic productive cough]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[COPD]]<ref name="pmid25177479" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[RBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ Bronchovascular markings, [[Cardiomegaly]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
-[[Spirometry]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Heavy smoking]] history
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Emphysema]]<ref name="pmid18453358">{{cite journal| author=Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V| title=Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 475-7 | pmid=18453358 | doi=10.1513/pats.200708-126ET | pmc=2645322 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18453358  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]], Hyperinflation
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Flattening of [[diaphragm]], vertical [[heart]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
-[[Spirometry]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid20407377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P |title=Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20407377 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Accentuated [[S2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypoxia]] and [[acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Enlarged [[Pulmonary arteries|'''pulmonary''' arteries]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[Physiologic]] [[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac catheterization]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]],
-[[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
+- [[Hypoplasia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Interstitial lung disease]]<ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peripheral [[pulmonary]] infiltrative opacification
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid14518232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moher D, Cole CW, Hill GB |title=Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of differing definitions |journal=Eur J Vasc Surg |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=647–50 |date=November 1992 |pmid=1451823 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|Hilar adenopathy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypercalcemia]], high [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|ACE]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid15692967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Chon Y, Elashoff R, Roth MD, Sterz MG, Chung J, FitzGerald JD, Seibold JR, Varga J, Theodore A, Wigley FM, Silver RM, Steen VD, Mayes MD, Connolly MK, Fessler BJ, Rothfield NF, Mubarak K, Molitor J, Tashkin DP |title=Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=592–600 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15692967 |doi=10.1002/art.20787 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Basal reticulonodular opacification
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Dry cough]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]<ref name="pmid23562737" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,  Reticulonodular opacities
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy|Lung biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Complication of [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Cystic fibrosis]]<ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thick-walled [[bronchiectasis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[Forced expiratory volume|FEF<sub>75%</sub>]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweat test]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pleural effusion]]<ref name="pmid25978627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B |title=Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=338–45 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978627 |pmc=5633324 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000174 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Egophony|Egophony ("E-to-A" change)]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blunting of the [[Costophrenic angle|costophrenic]] and cardiophrenic angle
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleural effusion causes|Light's criteria]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tactile fremitus]],  Asymmetrical [[chest expansion]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]<ref name="pmid19335916">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[physiological]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CT angiography|Pulmonary CT angiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic [[hypoxemia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Diaphragmatic paralysis]]<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal| author=Dubé BP, Dres M| title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies. | journal=J Clin Med | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27929389 | doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 | pmc=5184786 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27929389  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral or bilateral [[Diaphragmatic dysfunction|diaphragmatic flattening]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[anatomical]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]] confirmed by [[fluoroscopic]] sniff test
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid16709993">{{cite journal| author=Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O| title=Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7551 | pages= 1194-7 | pmid=16709993 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194 | pmc=1463969 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16709993  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]] or poorly defined linear and nodular [[Opacity|opacities]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Restrictive Lung Disease|Restrictive]], [[Obstructive lung disease|obstructive]], or mixed
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Interferon-γ release assays|IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)]]
-[[Acid fast|Acid-fast staining]]
+- [[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Night sweat]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-![[Constrictive pericarditis]]<ref name="pmid12481882" />
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microalbuminuria]], [[Uricosuria]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Genetic testing for[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|ADPKD2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visualization of [[Cysts|kidney cysts]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kidney]] size, [[Intracranial aneurysms]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Calcification|Calcifications]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
+|-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]]
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref>
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-![[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid118386552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakamura M, Satoh M, Kowada S, Satoh H, Tashiro A, Sato F, Masuda T, Hiramori K |title=Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy due to light-chain deposition disease |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=193–6 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11838655 |doi=10.4065/77.2.193 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoalbuminuria]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phosphate]], [[25-hydroxy vitamin D]], [[Alkaline phosphatase]], [[Parathyroid hormone]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydronephrosis]], [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]], Enlarged or shrunken [[kidneys]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[right atrium]]
+*[[Obstruction]] in [[retrograde pyelogram]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal masses, [[Kidney stone|stones]], and [[cysts]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Right ventricular]] [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[Renal artery stenosis]] in magnetic resonance [[angiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]],
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+- [[Hemoglobin]]
-[[Nausea]]
+- [[Myoglobin]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Valvular heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bradyarrhythmia]]<ref name="pmid28266824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barstow C, McDivitt JD |title=Cardiovascular Disease Update: Bradyarrhythmias |journal=FP Essent |volume=454 |issue= |pages=18–23 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28266824 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pericardial effusion]]<ref name="pmid23236323">{{cite journal| author=Jung HO| title=Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. | journal=Korean Circ J | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 725-34 | pmid=23236323 | doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725 | pmc=3518705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23236323  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid density around the [[heart]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[M-mode echo: principles and classic findings|M-mode]] and [[Doppler echocardiography|2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hoarseness]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Sweating]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Ventricular septal defect|Intracardiac shunt]]<ref name="pmid193359162">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur|Cardiac continuous murmur]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
-![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid17029274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H |title=Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17029274 |doi=10.1002/mus.20669 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical)
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dysphagia]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]]<ref name="pmid1246203">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ |title=Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=89–104 |date=January 1976 |pmid=1246203 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]<ref name="pmid21813873">{{cite journal| author=Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG| title=Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms. | journal=Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | year= 2011 | volume= 301 | issue= 4 | pages= R873-84 | pmid=21813873 | doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011 | pmc=3197343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21813873  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[WBC]], [[Platelet|Plt]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]<ref name="pmid7603522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarui S |title=Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine |journal=Muscle Nerve Suppl |volume=3 |issue= |pages=S2–9 |date= 1995 |pmid=7603522 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]] (ragged red fibers)
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myoglobinuria]],
-[[Muscle weakness]]
+- [[Uric acid]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-![[Metabolic acidosis]]<ref name="pmid8350272">{{cite journal| author=Lane R, Adams L| title=Metabolic acidosis and breathlessness during exercise and hypercapnia in man. | journal=J Physiol | year= 1993 | volume= 461 | issue=  | pages= 47-61 | pmid=8350272 | doi= | pmc=1175244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8350272  }}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia|Anemia,]] [[Thrombocytopenia]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Urate]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uricosuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Myoglobinuria]], [[Urinary casts|Casts]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Malignant or cystic lesions, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Nephrocalcinosis]], [[Urolithiasis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]], [[Wilms tumor]], [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ureter]] or [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] abnormality in voiding cystourethrography
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Arterial blood gas|ABG]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[Vomiting]]
+|-
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref>
-![[Renal failure]]<ref name="pmid12035070">{{cite journal |vauthors=DePalo LR |title=Fatal dyspnea in a patient with renal failure |journal=Mt. Sinai J. Med. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=113–20 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12035070 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleocytosis]], [[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Specific gravity (kidney)|Specific gravity]] > 1.020, [[Proteinuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]] casts, [[White blood cell]] casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[C3 (complement)|C3]], ↑[[C4A|C4]], ↑[[CH|CH50]], [[Blood culture|Blood]] and tissue culture, [[Antinuclear antibodies]], [[Cryoglobulin]]s,[[Hepatitis B]] and C [[Serological testing|serologies]], [[Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of [[fibrosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary congestion]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Creatinine|Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visceral [[abscesses]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]], [[Oliguria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal [[biopsy]], Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
-! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Systemic]]
+|-
-![[Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23559772">{{cite journal| author=Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN| title=Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-8 | pmid=23559772 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.106745 | pmc=3613670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559772  }}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis|Leukocytosis, ↑]][[ESR]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Low-grade [[proteinuria]], Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[RBC casts]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, basal, patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidations]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[MCV]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weakness]], [[Fatigue]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse [[alveolar]] [[Hemorrhages|hemorrhage]] in [[pulmonary]] [[biopsy]]
-![[Anxiety]]<ref name="pmid15200799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey PH |title=The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle--COPD patients' stories of breathlessness: "It's scary /when you can't breathe" |journal=Qual Health Res |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=760–78 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15200799 |doi=10.1177/1049732304265973 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+|-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Severe [[anemia]], [[Thrombocytopenia]], ↑ [[aPTT]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[proteinuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, [[Red blood cell]] casts
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Schistocytes]], ↑[[Fibrin degradation product|FDP]] and [[D-dimer]], ↑ [[Bilirubin]], ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], Stool culture (for [[E coli]] 0157:H7 or [[shigella]]), ↓[[ADAMTS-13]] activity
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ruling out [[obstruction]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweating]], [[Palpitation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-![[Ascites]]<ref name="pmid24336542">{{cite journal| author=Perri GA| title=Ascites in patients with cirrhosis. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2013 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 1297-9; e538-40 | pmid=24336542 | doi= | pmc=3860926 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24336542  }}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, Swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[Fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+|-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[CRP]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peritoneal fluid accumulation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↑[[Calcium|Ca]],  ↑[[Urate]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, Urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]], [[Hypercalciuria]], Urinary pH > 7 in [[Struvite|struvite stones]] ([[Proteus]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Klebsiella]]), Urinary pH < 5 in [[uric acid]] stones
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Medical ultrasonography|Abdominal ultrasound]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |All types of stones are visible, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[Cholelithiasis]]
-![[Depression]]<ref name="pmid16516455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, Nyström L, Franklin KA, Norrman E, Janson C |title=Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=1843–9 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16516455 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.016 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[Uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, Stone movement
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[Hydronephrosis]], Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|Renal tomography]], Nuclear renal scan
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+| -
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Kyphoscoliosis]]<ref name="pmid26083538">{{cite journal| author=Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G| title=Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction. | journal=Can Respir J | year= 2015 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 206-8 | pmid=26083538 | doi= | pmc=4530852 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26083538  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Deviated [[vertebral column]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[anatomical]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[X ray|Standing lateral spine radiograph]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12090884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF |title=Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1477–81 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12090884 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-([[anatomical]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Body mass index|BMI]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Low [[stamina]],
-[[Sweating]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Autoimmune]]
-![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22554368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö |title=Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast |journal=Tuberk Toraks |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=56–8 |date= 2012 |pmid=22554368 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Areas of [[parenchymal]] opacification
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]],[[Numbness]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]<ref name="pmid26266064">{{cite journal| author=Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM| title=Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 378170 | pmid=26266064 | doi=10.1155/2015/378170 | pmc=4525752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26266064  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Histological]] confirmation
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Skin lesions]], [[Nerve damage]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23034218">{{cite journal| author=Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P| title=Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 335 | pmid=23034218 | doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-335 | pmc=3492078 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23034218  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Cavitate [[nodules]], ground-glass opacity
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] demonstrating a [[granulomatous]] [[vasculitis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]<ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Bilateral coarse [[crepitations]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]], [[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Like [[Pulmonary edema chest x ray|pulmonary edema]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Kidney]] [[biopsy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hematuria]],
-[[Hemoptysis]]
-|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 |}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Nephrology]]
-{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}
+[[Category:Neurology]]
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
+[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-| A01 |-| A02 |-| A03 | |A01= Stage 1|A02= Prepubertal [[external genitalia]]<br>Prepubertal pubic hair<br>[[Growth]] 5-6 cm/year|A03=[[image:Untitled12365.jpg|by:By Tanner_scale-male.svg: M•Komorniczak -talk-, polish wikipedist.derivative work: J.McHardy (talk) - Tanner_scale-male.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9871642]]}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |)|-| B01 |-| B02 | | | |B01= Stage 2|B02= Enlargement of [[scrotum]] and [[testes]]; [[scrotum]] skin become hyperpigmented and harder<br>Sparse [[growth]] of long, slightly pigmented hair, straight or curled, at base of [[penis]]<br>[[Growth]] 5-6 cm/year}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | C01 |-|-|+|-| C02 |-| C03 | | | |C01= '''''Boys'''''|C02= Stage 3|C03= Enlargement of [[penis]] (length at first); further [[testes]] growth <br>Darker, coarser, and more curled hair, spreading over pubes<br>[[Growth]] 7-8 cm/year }}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |)|-| D01 |-| D02 | | | |D01= Stage 4|D02= Increased [[penis]] size with [[growth]] and development of glans; [[testes]] and [[scrotum]] larger, [[scrotum]] skin darker<br>Adult type hair, but smaller area; no spread to medial surface of [[thighs]]<br>[[Growth]] 10 cm/year}}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |`|-| E01 |-| E02 | | | |E01= Stage 5|E02= Adult [[external genitalia]]<br>Adult type hair with same horizontal distribution ("feminine")<br>No further height increase after 17 years}}
-{{familytree | | C01 |-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01='''Tanner staging'''}}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |,|-| A01 |-| A02 | | | |A01= Stage 1|A02= Prepubertal [[external genitalia]]<br>Prepubertal pubic hair<br>[[Growth]] 5-6 cm/year}}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |)|-| B01 |-| B02 | | | |B01= Stage 2|B02= Breast bud with elevation of [[breast]] and [[papilla]]; enlargement of [[areola]]<br>Sparse growth of long, slightly pigmented hair, straight or curled, along [[labia]]<br>[[Growth]] 7-8 cm/year}}
-{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | C01 |-|-|+|-| C02 |-| C03 | | | |C01= '''''Girls'''''|C02= Stage 3|C03= Further enlargement of [[breast]] and [[areola]]; no separation of their contour<br>Darker, coarser and more curled hair, spreading sparsely over junction of pubes<br>[[Growth]] 8 cm/year}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |)|-| D01 |-| D02 | | | |D01= Stage 4|D02= [[Areola]] and [[papilla]] form a secondary mound above level of [[breast]]<br>Adult type hair, but smaller area than in adult; no spread to medial surface of [[thighs]]<br>[[Growth]] 7 cm/year}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |`|-| E01 |-| E02 | | | |E01= Stage 5|E02= Mature [[breast]]: projection of [[papilla]] only, related to recession of [[areola]]<br>Adult type hair with horizontal distribution ("feminine")<br>No further [[growth]] after 16 years}}
-{{familytree/end}}
-{{family tree/start}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C07 | | C06 | | | | |C01= Exercise| C02= Calcium Supplementation| C03= Vitamin D supplementation| C04=Smoking cessation| C05= Reduced alcohol consumption| C06= Fall protection|C07= Hip protectors}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
-{{Family tree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C07 | | C06 | |C01=• Balance, strength and functional training exercises|C02='''Women'''<br>• 9-18 yrs: 1,300 mg<br>• 19-50 yrs: 1,000 mg<br>• 51-70 yrs: 1,200 mg <br>• 71 and more yrs: 1,200 mg<br>'''Men'''<br>• 50-70 yrs: 1,000 mg <br>• 71 and more yrs: 1,200 mg| C03='''Women'''<br>• 9-18 yrs: 600 IU<br>• 19-50 yrs: 600 IU<br>• 51-70 yrs: 600 IU <br>• 71 and more yrs: 800 IU<br>'''Men'''<br>• More than 50 yrs: 800-1,000 IU <br> <br>• '''''Serum vitamin D level of 20 ng per mL (50 nmol per L) is recommended for good bone health'''''| C04= • Stop-smoking program and nicotine patch|C05= '''Limit to:''' <br>• One drink/day for women<br>• Two drinks/day for men<br> <br>• '''''Moderate alcohol may associated with slightly higher BMD and lower fracture risk in postmenopausal women'''''| C06= '''Multifactorial interventions:'''<br>• Individual risk assessment<br>• Tai Chi and other exercise programs<br>• Home safety assessment and modification by an occupational therapist<br>• Gradual withdrawal of psychotropic medication<br>• Visual impairment correction<br>• Improve mobility |C07= • Hard and soft hip protectors, upon preference}}
-{{family tree/end}}
-{{Family tree/start}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01= '''Lifestyle modifications'''}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C07 | | | | | | | C06 | | | | | | | | | | |C01= Exercise| C02= Calcium Supplementation| C03= Vitamin D supplementation| C04=Smoking cessation| C05= Reduced alcohol consumption| C06= Fall protection|C07= Hip protectors}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C07 | | | | | | | | | | C06 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01= Balance, strength and functional training exercises|C02='''Women'''<br>• 9-18 yrs: 1,300 mg<br>• 19-50 yrs: 1,000 mg<br>• 51-70 yrs: 1,200 mg <br>• 71 and more yrs: 1,200 mg<br>'''Men'''<br>• 50-70 yrs: 1,000 mg <br>• 71 and more yrs: 1,200 mg| C03='''Women'''<br>• 9-18 yrs: 600 IU<br>• 19-50 yrs: 600 IU<br>• 51-70 yrs: 600 IU <br>• 71 and more yrs: 800 IU<br>'''Men'''<br>• More than 50 yrs: 800-1,000 IU <br> <br>• '''''Serum vitamin D level of 20 ng per mL (50 nmol per L) is recommended for good bone health'''''| C04= • Stop-smoking program • Nicotine patch|C05= Limit to: <br>• One drink/day for women<br>• Two drinks/day for men<br>• Moderate alcohol may associated with slightly higher BMD and lower fracture risk in postmenopausal women| C06= Multifactorial interventions:<br>• Individual risk assessment<br>• Tai Chi and other exercise programs<br>• Home safety assessment and modification by an occupational therapist<br><br>• Gradual withdrawal of psychotropic medication<br>• Visual impairment correction<br>• Improve mobility |C07= Hard and soft hip protectors, upon preference}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |`|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | C01 | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01= '''Chronic corticosteroid use'''| C02= '''Children and adolescent'''| C03= '''Adults'''}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01= Men| C02= Women}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01=• Young hypogonadal<br>• More than 70 yrs<br>• Less than 70 yrs with:<br>••Low body weight<br>••Prior fracture<br>••High risk medication use<br>••Disease or condition associated with bone loss | C02=• More than 65 yrs<br>• Postmenopausal women younger than 65 yrs with:<br>••History of fragility fracture<br>•• Weigh less than 127 lb (58 kg)<br>••Medications or diseases that cause bone loss<br>•• Parental history of hip fracture<br>•• smoking <br>•• Alcoholism<br>•• Rheumatoid arthritis.}}
-{{Family tree/end}}

Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:42, 28 July 2020

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