Oliguria with muscle weakness: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:59, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Dehydration^[1]^[2]	+	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Drugs/toxins^[3]^[4]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC	↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[5]^[6]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio	Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Shock^[7]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism	Not applicable	-	-
Renal causes	Endogenous toxins^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑Urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, Hematuria, Myoglobinuria, Casts	Not applicable	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, Hydronephrosis, Nephrocalcinosis, Urolithiasis	Not applicable	Urolithiasis, Wilms tumor, Polycystic kidney disease	Not applicable	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
Renal causes	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[13]^[14]^[15]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, Thrombocytopenia, ↑ aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	Not applicable	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑ Bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, Stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, Swelling of endothelial cells, Fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-

References

↑ Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.
↑ Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.
↑ Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.
↑ Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.
↑ Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.
↑ Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.
↑ Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

[pmid15187057-1] Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.

[pmid9220501-2] Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.

[pmid1883120-3] Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.

[pmid4715199-4] Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.

[pmid24076364-5] Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.

[pmid3533689-6] Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.

[pmid24171518-7] Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.

[pmid20533382-8] Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.

[pmid6282181-9] Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.

[pmid17338959-10] Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.

[pmid6645213-11] Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.

[pmid15202612-12] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.

[pmid15728781-13] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-14] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

[pmid25859752-15] Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}
 '''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
@@ Line 38: / Line 40: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
 |-
-! rowspan="22" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
+! rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|Mucus plug]], Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
 ! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
@@ Line 148: / Line 58: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
@@ Line 200: / Line 87: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-Lethargy
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-Confusion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-cramp
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-visceral pain
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
-| -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in echocardiography
-| -
 |-
 ! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 388: / Line 110: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[Hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in angiography
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[Pulmonary edema]], Rib notching, [[Aortic coarctation]], Mediastinal widening, [[Aortic dissection]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
-| -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
 ! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 527: / Line 134: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]], ↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], Free intraperitoneal air
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Abscess]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-Lethargy
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-Confusion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-cramp
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-visceral pain
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-|-
-! rowspan="10" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|Sterile pyuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]], [[Proteinuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstructive uropathy]], Renal size, Cortical thickness, [[Hydronephrosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of [[Tubular|tubular cells]] or the denuded tubules, Swollen [[Tubular|tubular cells]], Loss of the cell brush border in [[Kidney|renal biopsy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]] or [[microcytic anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]], ↑[[Reticulocytes]], [[Thrombocytopenia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross [[hematuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcification]] and widened mediastinum,   Filling defects in [[Barium|barium contrast]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Metastasis and [[Cancer staging|staging]], Cystic and solid masses, [[Lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Soft tissue]] invasion and [[Cancer staging|staging]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant]] cystic lesions [[percutaneous]] cyst puncture
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), Chromophilic (15%), [[Chromophobic]] (5%), [[Oncocytoma]] (3%), [[Collecting duct]] (2%)
-|-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-- [[Agenesis]]
-- [[Dysplasia]]
-- [[Hypoplasia]]
-- [[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microalbuminuria]], [[Uricosuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Genetic testing for[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|ADPKD2]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visualization of [[Cysts|kidney cysts]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kidney]] size, [[Intracranial aneurysms]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoalbuminuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phosphate]], [[25-hydroxy vitamin D]], [[Alkaline phosphatase]], [[Parathyroid hormone]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydronephrosis]], [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]], Enlarged or shrunken [[kidneys]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-*[[Obstruction]] in [[retrograde pyelogram]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal masses, [[Kidney stone|stones]], and [[cysts]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[Renal artery stenosis]] in magnetic resonance [[angiography]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 - [[Hemoglobin]]
@@ Line 727: / Line 161: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ureter]] or [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] abnormality in voiding cystourethrography
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleocytosis]], [[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Specific gravity (kidney)|Specific gravity]] > 1.020, [[Proteinuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]] casts, [[White blood cell]] casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[C3 (complement)|C3]], ↑[[C4A|C4]], ↑[[CH|CH50]], [[Blood culture|Blood]] and tissue culture, [[Antinuclear antibodies]], [[Cryoglobulin]]s,[[Hepatitis B]] and C [[Serological testing|serologies]], [[Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of [[fibrosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary congestion]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visceral [[abscesses]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal [[biopsy]], Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis|Leukocytosis, ↑]][[ESR]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Low-grade [[proteinuria]], Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[RBC casts]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, basal, patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidations]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse [[alveolar]] [[Hemorrhages|hemorrhage]] in [[pulmonary]] [[biopsy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
@@ Line 797: / Line 185: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, Swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[Fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[CRP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↑[[Calcium|Ca]],  ↑[[Urate]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, Urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]], [[Hypercalciuria]], Urinary pH > 7 in [[Struvite|struvite stones]] ([[Proteus]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Klebsiella]]), Urinary pH < 5 in [[uric acid]] stones
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |All types of stones are visible, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[Cholelithiasis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[Uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, Stone movement
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[Hydronephrosis]], Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|Renal tomography]], Nuclear renal scan
-| -
 |}
 ==References==
@@ Line 827: / Line 192: @@
 [[Category:Neurology]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-[[Category:Primary care]]

Oliguria with muscle weakness: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:59, 29 July 2020

References

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